• dr hab. Małgorzata Falarz
Stanowisko: Prof.Uczelni
Jednostka: Instytut Nauk o Ziemi
Adres: 41-200 Sosnowiec, ul. Będzińska 60
Piętro: II
Numer pokoju: 202
Telefon: (32) 3689 882
E-mail: malgorzata.falarz@us.edu.pl
Spis publikacji: Spis wg CINiBA
Spis publikacji: Spis wg OPUS
Scopus Author ID: 56618753300
Publikacje z bazy Scopus
2023
Piotrowicz, K.; Falarz, M.
The Change and Variability of Snow Cover in Kraków in a 100-Year Observation Series Journal Article
In: Quaestiones Geographicae, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 213-222, 2023, ISSN: 0137477X.
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abstract = {This article presents the results of research on the changes and variability of snow cover in Kraków in the 100-year period 1921/22-2020/21 and in its two sub-periods covering the years of the slow and rapid territorial, urban and industrial development of Kraków (respectively; 1921/22-1960/61 and 1961/62-2020/21). The long-term variability of the number of days with snow cover, the maximum depth of the snow layer, the dates of the beginning and end of snow cover duration in the winter season, the potential snow cover duration and the index of snow cover stability were analysed. The directions of changes in the snow cover in the last 100 winter seasons in Kraków correspond to the global changes in air temperature presented in the latest IPCC reports: until the end of the 1950s there were no significant trends, or only small trends were observed, whereas from the beginning of the 1960s faster changes in the snow cover duration and maximum seasonal snow depth have been visible. In the last 60 years (1961/62-2020/21), the impact of global changes in Kraków has been joined by the impact of territorial, demographic and industrial development of the city, causing significant negative trends in snow cover with relative values of less than -9% · 10 years-1, both in the case of snow cover duration and its maximum depth in the winter season; these changes are statistically significant. Throughout the whole 100-year period (1921/22-2020/21) and in its second part (1961/62-2020/21), a decrease in snow cover stability has also been observed. © 2023 Katarzyna Piotrowicz et al., published by Sciendo.},
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This article presents the results of research on the changes and variability of snow cover in Kraków in the 100-year period 1921/22-2020/21 and in its two sub-periods covering the years of the slow and rapid territorial, urban and industrial development of Kraków (respectively; 1921/22-1960/61 and 1961/62-2020/21). The long-term variability of the number of days with snow cover, the maximum depth of the snow layer, the dates of the beginning and end of snow cover duration in the winter season, the potential snow cover duration and the index of snow cover stability were analysed. The directions of changes in the snow cover in the last 100 winter seasons in Kraków correspond to the global changes in air temperature presented in the latest IPCC reports: until the end of the 1950s there were no significant trends, or only small trends were observed, whereas from the beginning of the 1960s faster changes in the snow cover duration and maximum seasonal snow depth have been visible. In the last 60 years (1961/62-2020/21), the impact of global changes in Kraków has been joined by the impact of territorial, demographic and industrial development of the city, causing significant negative trends in snow cover with relative values of less than -9% · 10 years-1, both in the case of snow cover duration and its maximum depth in the winter season; these changes are statistically significant. Throughout the whole 100-year period (1921/22-2020/21) and in its second part (1961/62-2020/21), a decrease in snow cover stability has also been observed. © 2023 Katarzyna Piotrowicz et al., published by Sciendo.
2021
Falarz, M.
Correction to: Climate Change in Poland (Springer Climate, 10.1007/978-3-030-70328-8) Journal Article
In: Springer Climate, pp. C1-, 2021, ISSN: 23520698.
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title = {Correction to: Climate Change in Poland (Springer Climate, 10.1007/978-3-030-70328-8)},
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abstract = {The original version of the book was inadvertently published with incorrect Figures 23 and 33 in Chapter 11 and also the affiliation city name “Katowice” of the volume editor is corrected in web version. The book has been updated with the changes. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.},
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The original version of the book was inadvertently published with incorrect Figures 23 and 33 in Chapter 11 and also the affiliation city name “Katowice” of the volume editor is corrected in web version. The book has been updated with the changes. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Falarz, M.
Preface Book
Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2021, ISSN: 23520698.
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[No abstract available]
Falarz, M.; Opała-Owczarek, M.; Niedźwiedź, T.; Bielec-Bąkowska, Z.; Wojkowski, J.; Matuszko, D.; Filipiak, J.; Ustrnul, Z.; Wypych, A.; Lisowska, M.; Bokwa, A.; Błażejczyk, K.; Piotrowicz, K.; Szwed, M.
Initial Research of Climate Change in Poland Book Chapter
In: pp. 9-27, Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2021, ISSN: 23520698.
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title = {Initial Research of Climate Change in Poland},
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abstract = {This chapter includes the results of the earliest studies on changes and variability of climatic elements, bioclimatic indices and weather types across Poland. The first pioneering works on climatic studies were presented (since 1858), even if they did not relate to climate change. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.},
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This chapter includes the results of the earliest studies on changes and variability of climatic elements, bioclimatic indices and weather types across Poland. The first pioneering works on climatic studies were presented (since 1858), even if they did not relate to climate change. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Falarz, M.; Małarzewski, Ł.; Uscka-Kowalkowska, J.; Matuszko, D.; Budzik, T.
Solar Radiation Change Book Chapter
In: pp. 177-188, Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2021, ISSN: 23520698.
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abstract = {Global solar radiation data were analysed at 10 actinometric stations located in different regions of Poland for the period from 19 (Sosnowiec) to 125 years (Kraków; data partially reconstructed). Only series with the data gaps not exceeding 5% were considered. The most important results of the study of changes in solar radiation in Poland are as follows: (1) the average long-term totals of global solar radiation range in Poland from approximately 3750 MJ/m2 to 4070 MJ/m2 throughout the year; (2) the year-to-year variability of solar radiation expressed by coefficient of variability is rather small and ranges from 3.5 to 7% in Poland; the highest values of variability are observed in autumn and winter; (3) long-term trends of global solar radiation in Poland are in most cases statistically insignificant; a few significant tendencies show different trend directions; (4) relative trends of global solar radiation in the area of Poland do not exceed ±10%/10 years; (5) in Kraków, for a 125-year series of global solar radiation values, about 60 years periodicity of radiation changes can be seen, with three periods of relatively high values (1880–1900; 1940–1960; 1990–2018), separated by periods of relatively low values: 1910–1930 and 1970–1990. The global solar radiation course in Kraków largely corresponds to the periods of “global dimming” and “global brightening” described in different parts of the world as a result of urbanisation, industrialisation and the increase in aerosols related to them. A decrease in values was observed until the end of the 1970s or 1980s, depending on the season of the year, and then there was an increase until the end of the twentieth century. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.},
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Global solar radiation data were analysed at 10 actinometric stations located in different regions of Poland for the period from 19 (Sosnowiec) to 125 years (Kraków; data partially reconstructed). Only series with the data gaps not exceeding 5% were considered. The most important results of the study of changes in solar radiation in Poland are as follows: (1) the average long-term totals of global solar radiation range in Poland from approximately 3750 MJ/m2 to 4070 MJ/m2 throughout the year; (2) the year-to-year variability of solar radiation expressed by coefficient of variability is rather small and ranges from 3.5 to 7% in Poland; the highest values of variability are observed in autumn and winter; (3) long-term trends of global solar radiation in Poland are in most cases statistically insignificant; a few significant tendencies show different trend directions; (4) relative trends of global solar radiation in the area of Poland do not exceed ±10%/10 years; (5) in Kraków, for a 125-year series of global solar radiation values, about 60 years periodicity of radiation changes can be seen, with three periods of relatively high values (1880–1900; 1940–1960; 1990–2018), separated by periods of relatively low values: 1910–1930 and 1970–1990. The global solar radiation course in Kraków largely corresponds to the periods of “global dimming” and “global brightening” described in different parts of the world as a result of urbanisation, industrialisation and the increase in aerosols related to them. A decrease in values was observed until the end of the 1970s or 1980s, depending on the season of the year, and then there was an increase until the end of the twentieth century. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Falarz, M.; Bielec-Bąkowska, Z.; Wypych, A.; Matuszko, D.; Niedźwiedź, T.; Pińskwar, I.; Piotrowicz, K.; Ustrnul, Z.; Bokwa, A.; Filipiak, J.; Graczyk, D.; Kuchcik, M.; Opała-Owczarek, M.; Szwed, M.; Wibig, J.
Climate Change in Poland—Summary, Discussion and Conclusion Book Chapter
In: pp. 561-581, Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2021, ISSN: 23520698.
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abstract = {The book presents the results of climate research throughout Poland in the pre-instrumental period (using proxy data), instrumental period (using mainly statistical methods; based on data from weather stations and grid data) and projected changes (using regional climate models). A total of 1100 years are covered, i.e. the period from about 1000 to 2100. The majority of examined climate elements, meteorological phenomena and indices show statistically significant changes at least in certain areas of Poland and at certain seasons of the year. Moreover, many elements demonstrate significant year-to-year variability and temporal fluctuations. Changes of particular climate elements are interrelated. The primary causative factors are both anthropogenic changes (greenhouse gas emissions resulting in increased greenhouse effect and global warming; local sources of air pollution) and natural changes: (1) circulation factors: changes in the intensity and location of atmospheric activity centres, changes in the frequency of advection from a specific sector, and the frequency of cyclonic and anticyclonic systems over Poland and (2) radiation factors (changes in values of global solar radiation; sunshine duration and cloudiness). These changes, especially visible after the 1980s, affect the trends of most climatic elements, meteorological phenomena and indices. The effects of these changes, both positive and negative, are evident in people’s daily lives (e.g. decrease in bioclimatic cold stress; increase in bioclimatic heat stress; changes in conditions for recreation and sport) and economy (e.g. improvement of thermal agricultural conditions; changes in energy demand for heating buildings; air conditioning and refrigeration). A better understanding of the relationships of trends of the different climatic elements should be the aim of further research into the climate of Poland. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.},
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The book presents the results of climate research throughout Poland in the pre-instrumental period (using proxy data), instrumental period (using mainly statistical methods; based on data from weather stations and grid data) and projected changes (using regional climate models). A total of 1100 years are covered, i.e. the period from about 1000 to 2100. The majority of examined climate elements, meteorological phenomena and indices show statistically significant changes at least in certain areas of Poland and at certain seasons of the year. Moreover, many elements demonstrate significant year-to-year variability and temporal fluctuations. Changes of particular climate elements are interrelated. The primary causative factors are both anthropogenic changes (greenhouse gas emissions resulting in increased greenhouse effect and global warming; local sources of air pollution) and natural changes: (1) circulation factors: changes in the intensity and location of atmospheric activity centres, changes in the frequency of advection from a specific sector, and the frequency of cyclonic and anticyclonic systems over Poland and (2) radiation factors (changes in values of global solar radiation; sunshine duration and cloudiness). These changes, especially visible after the 1980s, affect the trends of most climatic elements, meteorological phenomena and indices. The effects of these changes, both positive and negative, are evident in people’s daily lives (e.g. decrease in bioclimatic cold stress; increase in bioclimatic heat stress; changes in conditions for recreation and sport) and economy (e.g. improvement of thermal agricultural conditions; changes in energy demand for heating buildings; air conditioning and refrigeration). A better understanding of the relationships of trends of the different climatic elements should be the aim of further research into the climate of Poland. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Falarz, M.; Przybylak, R.; Filipiak, J.; Wypych, A.; Szwed, M.
Introduction Book Chapter
In: pp. 3-8, Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2021, ISSN: 23520698.
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abstract = {Climate change is now one of the most important global challenges. The problem was noticed worldwide as early as the 1970s, when the first world Climate Conference was held in Stockholm (1972) under the motto “Only One Earth”. Great progress, however, did not begin in climate protection until 1992, when the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit was organised. Later on, since 1995, the Climate Summits (Conferences of the Parties; COP) of the United Nations have been held every year, bringing together representatives from almost all countries of the world and resulting in important global agreements on combating global warming (e.g. the Kyoto Protocol in 1997; Paris Agreement in 2015). © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.},
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Climate change is now one of the most important global challenges. The problem was noticed worldwide as early as the 1970s, when the first world Climate Conference was held in Stockholm (1972) under the motto “Only One Earth”. Great progress, however, did not begin in climate protection until 1992, when the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit was organised. Later on, since 1995, the Climate Summits (Conferences of the Parties; COP) of the United Nations have been held every year, bringing together representatives from almost all countries of the world and resulting in important global agreements on combating global warming (e.g. the Kyoto Protocol in 1997; Paris Agreement in 2015). © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Falarz, M.; Wibig, J.; Matuszko, D.; Filipiak, J.; Hajto, M. J.; Taszarek, M.; Bielec-Bąkowska, Z.; Wypych, A.; Ustrnul, Z.
Homogeneity of Climate Series Book Chapter
In: pp. 45-68, Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2021, ISSN: 23520698, (1).
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abstract = {Analyses of homogeneity of climate series and correction of heterogeneous series were undertaken in order to avoid making incorrect conclusions about climate change in Poland. The climate series homogenisation procedure was typically carried out in several stages: (1) collecting information on the history of meteorological stations (metadata), especially on significant changes in their location and measurements methods; (2) selecting the test for homogeneity control, calculating values of the test, selecting series with test values exceeding the specified critical level; (3) correction of non-homogeneous series; (4) recheck of the revised series. The correction of the climatic series analysed for the purposes of this book was carried out using various methods, specific to the climate element analysed. The most common was the relative and absolute Alexandersson test (Standard Normal Homogeneity Test; SNHT). The most common reasons for breaking the homogeneity of the climatic series were a significant change of station location and a change of the measuring instrument. However, in many cases, the cause of the series’ heterogeneity is not clear. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.},
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Analyses of homogeneity of climate series and correction of heterogeneous series were undertaken in order to avoid making incorrect conclusions about climate change in Poland. The climate series homogenisation procedure was typically carried out in several stages: (1) collecting information on the history of meteorological stations (metadata), especially on significant changes in their location and measurements methods; (2) selecting the test for homogeneity control, calculating values of the test, selecting series with test values exceeding the specified critical level; (3) correction of non-homogeneous series; (4) recheck of the revised series. The correction of the climatic series analysed for the purposes of this book was carried out using various methods, specific to the climate element analysed. The most common was the relative and absolute Alexandersson test (Standard Normal Homogeneity Test; SNHT). The most common reasons for breaking the homogeneity of the climatic series were a significant change of station location and a change of the measuring instrument. However, in many cases, the cause of the series’ heterogeneity is not clear. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Falarz, M.
Preface Book
Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2021, ISSN: 23520698.
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[No abstract available]
Falarz, M.; Szwed, M.; Opała-Owczarek, M.; Kuchcik, M.; Małarzewski, Ł.; Piotrowicz, K.; Niedźwiedź, T.; Bielec-Bąkowska, Z.; Bokwa, A.; Filipiak, J.; Matuszko, D.; Ustrnul, Z.; Wibig, J.; Wypych, A.
Data and Methods of Investigation Book Chapter
In: pp. 29-44, Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2021, ISSN: 23520698.
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abstract = {The study covers the entire area of Poland. Part II of the book presents the results of the study of climate change before instrumental measurements in Poland in the last millennium. More than 50 proxy series including documentary evidences, dendrochronological records and varved sediment records were analysed. On this basis, reconstructions of: summer and winter air temperature, winter severity, precipitation (liquid and solid) and droughts were performed. Part III analysed the long-term changes and variability of 36 climate characteristics for 14 climate elements, indices, meteorological phenomena and weather types using data from 79 weather stations. Most of the climate elements studied were analysed for the base period 1951–2018 (68 years). For some elements and indices shorter study periods were considered. In addition, climate variability was analysed for 10 long measuring series up to 239 years. Variability of circulation indices over a period of 147 years (1873–2019) was investigated as well. Uniform research methods common to all elements and indices were used: (1) coefficient of variability (%), (2) absolute trend (unit/10y); (3) relative trend (%/10y). Part IV of the book deals with projected changes in temperature, precipitation and thermal indices related to the agriculture and energy sectors. In this study, 8 regional climate models from the EURO-CORDEX experiment were used for 2 representative concentration pathways: (1) corresponding to radiative forcing value +4.5 W.m−2 in 2100 (RCP4.5) and (2) corresponding to radiative forcing value +8.5 W.m−2 in 2100 (RCP8.5) relative to pre-industrial values. Two future time horizons were carried out for each concentration pathway: (1) near future: 2021–2050 and (2) far future: 2071–2100 with reference to the period of 1971–2000. Future projections were created for: 8 characteristics of temperature, 10 characteristics of precipitation, 5 characteristics for agriculture indices and 4 for energy demands indices. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.},
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The study covers the entire area of Poland. Part II of the book presents the results of the study of climate change before instrumental measurements in Poland in the last millennium. More than 50 proxy series including documentary evidences, dendrochronological records and varved sediment records were analysed. On this basis, reconstructions of: summer and winter air temperature, winter severity, precipitation (liquid and solid) and droughts were performed. Part III analysed the long-term changes and variability of 36 climate characteristics for 14 climate elements, indices, meteorological phenomena and weather types using data from 79 weather stations. Most of the climate elements studied were analysed for the base period 1951–2018 (68 years). For some elements and indices shorter study periods were considered. In addition, climate variability was analysed for 10 long measuring series up to 239 years. Variability of circulation indices over a period of 147 years (1873–2019) was investigated as well. Uniform research methods common to all elements and indices were used: (1) coefficient of variability (%), (2) absolute trend (unit/10y); (3) relative trend (%/10y). Part IV of the book deals with projected changes in temperature, precipitation and thermal indices related to the agriculture and energy sectors. In this study, 8 regional climate models from the EURO-CORDEX experiment were used for 2 representative concentration pathways: (1) corresponding to radiative forcing value +4.5 W.m−2 in 2100 (RCP4.5) and (2) corresponding to radiative forcing value +8.5 W.m−2 in 2100 (RCP8.5) relative to pre-industrial values. Two future time horizons were carried out for each concentration pathway: (1) near future: 2021–2050 and (2) far future: 2071–2100 with reference to the period of 1971–2000. Future projections were created for: 8 characteristics of temperature, 10 characteristics of precipitation, 5 characteristics for agriculture indices and 4 for energy demands indices. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Falarz, M.; Bednorz, E.
Snow Cover Change Book Chapter
In: pp. 375-390, Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2021, ISSN: 23520698, (3).
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journal = {Springer Climate},
pages = {375-390},
publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media B.V.},
abstract = {The chapter analyses snow cover data for 60 weather stations in Poland: 52 series for the period 1950/51–2017/18 (68 winter seasons) and eight longer series of 80 to 104 winter seasons. Two basic characteristics of snow cover were examined: snow cover duration and seasonal maximum depth of snow cover. The coefficient of variability and absolute and relative trends per 10 years were investigated. The most important results of the study are as follows: (1) year-to-year variability of snow cover duration and its seasonal maximum depth is the largest in regions of poorest snow cover; (2) the number of days with snow cover during the 68 winter seasons has a negative time trend throughout Poland (with a minimum of −4 to −5 days for 10 years in north-eastern Poland); this tendency is statistically significant in most area of Poland except for the highlands and some parts of the mountainous areas; (3) the relative changes in the number of days with snow cover are the most significant in regions with a short duration of snow cover (western Poland; −8 to −10% per 10 years); (4) the maximum depth of snow cover throughout the considered period revealed a negative trend in most area of Poland, statistically significant in the highlands and mountainous areas (−2 to −6%/10y); only in north-eastern Poland is the trend positive, statistically insignificant, (5) in longer periods (80–104 winter seasons), the snow cover duration and maximum snow cover depth are characterised by a slight negative or near zero time trend at most weather stations; (6) in the winter seasons 1969/70 and 1995/96 the longest snow cover duration in most areas of Poland was recorded, while in the 1939/40 and 1962/63 seasons, the maximum depth of the snow cover was the highest. The trend values of snow cover duration in Poland are comparable to similar values averaged over the Northern Hemisphere, where the duration of the snow season has declined by 5 days per 10 years since the winter of 1972/1973. On the other hand, the negative trend of maximum snow cover depth is not as significant in Poland as the European average, which is −11.4% per decade. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.},
note = {3},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
The chapter analyses snow cover data for 60 weather stations in Poland: 52 series for the period 1950/51–2017/18 (68 winter seasons) and eight longer series of 80 to 104 winter seasons. Two basic characteristics of snow cover were examined: snow cover duration and seasonal maximum depth of snow cover. The coefficient of variability and absolute and relative trends per 10 years were investigated. The most important results of the study are as follows: (1) year-to-year variability of snow cover duration and its seasonal maximum depth is the largest in regions of poorest snow cover; (2) the number of days with snow cover during the 68 winter seasons has a negative time trend throughout Poland (with a minimum of −4 to −5 days for 10 years in north-eastern Poland); this tendency is statistically significant in most area of Poland except for the highlands and some parts of the mountainous areas; (3) the relative changes in the number of days with snow cover are the most significant in regions with a short duration of snow cover (western Poland; −8 to −10% per 10 years); (4) the maximum depth of snow cover throughout the considered period revealed a negative trend in most area of Poland, statistically significant in the highlands and mountainous areas (−2 to −6%/10y); only in north-eastern Poland is the trend positive, statistically insignificant, (5) in longer periods (80–104 winter seasons), the snow cover duration and maximum snow cover depth are characterised by a slight negative or near zero time trend at most weather stations; (6) in the winter seasons 1969/70 and 1995/96 the longest snow cover duration in most areas of Poland was recorded, while in the 1939/40 and 1962/63 seasons, the maximum depth of the snow cover was the highest. The trend values of snow cover duration in Poland are comparable to similar values averaged over the Northern Hemisphere, where the duration of the snow season has declined by 5 days per 10 years since the winter of 1972/1973. On the other hand, the negative trend of maximum snow cover depth is not as significant in Poland as the European average, which is −11.4% per decade. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
2019
Falarz, M.
Azores High and Hawaiian High: correlations, trends and shifts (1948–2018) Journal Article
In: Theoretical and Applied Climatology, vol. 138, no. 1-2, pp. 417-431, 2019, ISSN: 0177798X, (7).
@article{2-s2.0-85063239573,
title = {Azores High and Hawaiian High: correlations, trends and shifts (1948–2018)},
author = { M. Falarz},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85063239573&doi=10.1007%2fs00704-019-02837-5&partnerID=40&md5=69ce18bbcd89312cc5520c62aacd6556},
doi = {10.1007/s00704-019-02837-5},
issn = {0177798X},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},
volume = {138},
number = {1-2},
pages = {417-431},
publisher = {Springer-Verlag Wien},
abstract = {The paper focuses on investigation of ‘twin’ subtropical oceanic highs of the Northern Hemisphere, i.e. the Azores High (AH) and the Hawaiian High (HH) in January and July based on gridded 2.5° × 2.5° data of Reanalysis Project of the National Center for Atmospheric Research for the period 1948–2018. The aim is to answer three questions: (1) Are there any connections between AH and HH (both within and between the systems)? (2) What is the long-term variability and trends of the basic characteristics of AH and HH? (3) Do the AH and HH move, and if so, in what directions? The most important results are as follows: (1) the long-term trend of sea level air pressure in the AH centre in January is positive, statistically significant with the increase of 0.63 hPa/10 years, (2) pressure in both centres significantly relates with the latitude of each system; variables characterising the HH in January explain 11% of variation of the variables of the AH in July, (3) the NE-SW/SW-NE index proves the shifting of the AH in January from the south-west to the north-east until the 1990s of the twentieth century and again to the south-west in the twenty-first century, (4) the HH in January and July moved generally from the north-east to the south-west until the end of the twentieth century and shifted again to north-east during the twenty-first century, (5) the AH in July was characterised by complicated displacement system with the prevalence of the shifting from the north-east to the south-west with the exception for the period 1980–1990. In winter, the AH moves towards the land area of Europe in the second half of the twentieth century, while the HH moves towards the open Pacific. The statistically significant increase of pressure in the centre of the AH in January is closely related to the shifting of the system to the north-east. The positive pressure trend in the centre of the AH in January combined with the zero trend in July is the cause of diminishing difference between summer and winter air pressure value of the high. Due to increased sea surface temperature of the Atlantic, the AH does not lose its strength in winter as it used to a few decades ago. © 2019, The Author(s).},
note = {7},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The paper focuses on investigation of ‘twin’ subtropical oceanic highs of the Northern Hemisphere, i.e. the Azores High (AH) and the Hawaiian High (HH) in January and July based on gridded 2.5° × 2.5° data of Reanalysis Project of the National Center for Atmospheric Research for the period 1948–2018. The aim is to answer three questions: (1) Are there any connections between AH and HH (both within and between the systems)? (2) What is the long-term variability and trends of the basic characteristics of AH and HH? (3) Do the AH and HH move, and if so, in what directions? The most important results are as follows: (1) the long-term trend of sea level air pressure in the AH centre in January is positive, statistically significant with the increase of 0.63 hPa/10 years, (2) pressure in both centres significantly relates with the latitude of each system; variables characterising the HH in January explain 11% of variation of the variables of the AH in July, (3) the NE-SW/SW-NE index proves the shifting of the AH in January from the south-west to the north-east until the 1990s of the twentieth century and again to the south-west in the twenty-first century, (4) the HH in January and July moved generally from the north-east to the south-west until the end of the twentieth century and shifted again to north-east during the twenty-first century, (5) the AH in July was characterised by complicated displacement system with the prevalence of the shifting from the north-east to the south-west with the exception for the period 1980–1990. In winter, the AH moves towards the land area of Europe in the second half of the twentieth century, while the HH moves towards the open Pacific. The statistically significant increase of pressure in the centre of the AH in January is closely related to the shifting of the system to the north-east. The positive pressure trend in the centre of the AH in January combined with the zero trend in July is the cause of diminishing difference between summer and winter air pressure value of the high. Due to increased sea surface temperature of the Atlantic, the AH does not lose its strength in winter as it used to a few decades ago. © 2019, The Author(s).
2018
Falarz, M.; Nowosad, M.; Bednorz, E.; Rasmus, S.
Review of Polish contribution to snow cover research (1880-2017) Journal Article
In: Quaestiones Geographicae, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 7-22, 2018, ISSN: 0137477X, (3).
@article{2-s2.0-85045068690,
title = {Review of Polish contribution to snow cover research (1880-2017)},
author = { M. Falarz and M. Nowosad and E. Bednorz and S. Rasmus},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85045068690&doi=10.2478%2fquageo-2018-0002&partnerID=40&md5=9fac91cc44ca8a7442d4b5232b08842f},
doi = {10.2478/quageo-2018-0002},
issn = {0137477X},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Quaestiones Geographicae},
volume = {37},
number = {1},
pages = {7-22},
publisher = {Adam Mickiewicz University Press},
abstract = {The purpose of this article is to present the development of multifaceted research on snow cover conducted by Polish researchers in various parts of the world since the end of the 19th century up to the modern times. The paper describes Polish studies on physical and chemical properties of snow cover, its long-term changes, relationships between snow cover and climate, impact of snow cover on environmental conditions and human activity. This work is also an attempt to show the contribution of Polish snow-related research to the international achievements in this fields. © 2018 Author(s).},
note = {3},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The purpose of this article is to present the development of multifaceted research on snow cover conducted by Polish researchers in various parts of the world since the end of the 19th century up to the modern times. The paper describes Polish studies on physical and chemical properties of snow cover, its long-term changes, relationships between snow cover and climate, impact of snow cover on environmental conditions and human activity. This work is also an attempt to show the contribution of Polish snow-related research to the international achievements in this fields. © 2018 Author(s).
Falarz, M.
The influence of air temperature conditions and their changes on the mortality in Poland Proceedings
International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geoconference, vol. 18, no. 4.3, 2018, ISSN: 13142704.
@proceedings{2-s2.0-85063076245,
title = {The influence of air temperature conditions and their changes on the mortality in Poland},
author = { M. Falarz},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85063076245&doi=10.5593%2fsgem2018V%2f4.3%2fS06.049&partnerID=40&md5=85b53b212d2c4ea4e6fe32dfec53f179},
doi = {10.5593/sgem2018V/4.3/S06.049},
issn = {13142704},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference Surveying Geology and Mining Ecology Management, SGEM},
volume = {18},
number = {4.3},
pages = {415-424},
publisher = {International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geoconference},
abstract = {The study is an attempt to answer two questions: 1) which of temperature conditions in Poland influence negatively (positively) a human being and cause therefore an increase (decrease) of the mortality? 2) what are the trends of the temperature series influencing the mortality? Monthly data for the index of the mortality and for various thermal characteristics in Warsaw for 39 years from the period 1965-2016 were used in the investigations. There were calculated correlation coefficients between the mortality index and several air temperature series. The level of statistical significance of trends of temperature series influencing the mortality was investigated. The most important results of the study are as follows: 1) statistically significant relations of the mortality in Poland with unfavorable temperature conditions were found in all months of the year except for June and October; 2) in a cool period of the year the mortality is influenced by e.g.: the number of very cold days, the number of days with daily air temperature range ≥8°C and ≥12°C, the number of days with the maximum temperature >10°C and the number of days with day-to-day change of the average daily air temperature of at least ±4°C; 3) warm waves in a cool period influence significantly on the decreasing of the mortality in April-May, September, November-December; 4) in a warm period of the year the mortality in Poland is influenced by: hot days and tropical days, tropical nights and the days with the daily air temperature range ≥12°C; 5) changes of analysed thermal conditions explain 10% to 42% of the variability of the mortality index in Poland; 6) for some thermal characteristics a lengthening or delaying of the reaction to thermal conditions was observed; 7) series of the number of days with the maximum temperature >10°C in April, May and November as well as series of hot days and tropical days in July in the period 1980-2016 show statistically significant increasing trend. Air temperature conditions in Poland are becoming milder for a human being and mortality in a cool period of the year and more and more unfavorable in the summer. © SGEM2018.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {proceedings}
}
The study is an attempt to answer two questions: 1) which of temperature conditions in Poland influence negatively (positively) a human being and cause therefore an increase (decrease) of the mortality? 2) what are the trends of the temperature series influencing the mortality? Monthly data for the index of the mortality and for various thermal characteristics in Warsaw for 39 years from the period 1965-2016 were used in the investigations. There were calculated correlation coefficients between the mortality index and several air temperature series. The level of statistical significance of trends of temperature series influencing the mortality was investigated. The most important results of the study are as follows: 1) statistically significant relations of the mortality in Poland with unfavorable temperature conditions were found in all months of the year except for June and October; 2) in a cool period of the year the mortality is influenced by e.g.: the number of very cold days, the number of days with daily air temperature range ≥8°C and ≥12°C, the number of days with the maximum temperature >10°C and the number of days with day-to-day change of the average daily air temperature of at least ±4°C; 3) warm waves in a cool period influence significantly on the decreasing of the mortality in April-May, September, November-December; 4) in a warm period of the year the mortality in Poland is influenced by: hot days and tropical days, tropical nights and the days with the daily air temperature range ≥12°C; 5) changes of analysed thermal conditions explain 10% to 42% of the variability of the mortality index in Poland; 6) for some thermal characteristics a lengthening or delaying of the reaction to thermal conditions was observed; 7) series of the number of days with the maximum temperature >10°C in April, May and November as well as series of hot days and tropical days in July in the period 1980-2016 show statistically significant increasing trend. Air temperature conditions in Poland are becoming milder for a human being and mortality in a cool period of the year and more and more unfavorable in the summer. © SGEM2018.
2017
Falarz, M.
Tree-Ring Widths and Snow Cover Depth in High Tauern Proceedings
Institute of Physics Publishing, vol. 95, no. 6, 2017, ISSN: 17551307.
@proceedings{2-s2.0-85044286025,
title = {Tree-Ring Widths and Snow Cover Depth in High Tauern},
author = { M. Falarz},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85044286025&doi=10.1088%2f1755-1315%2f95%2f6%2f062005&partnerID=40&md5=aa65fe4459f6a08c8fdd04a70041fb15},
doi = {10.1088/1755-1315/95/6/062005},
issn = {17551307},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science},
volume = {95},
number = {6},
publisher = {Institute of Physics Publishing},
abstract = {The aim of the study is to examine the correlation of Norway spruce tree-ring widths and the snow cover depth in the High Tauern mountains. The average standardized tree-ring widths indices for Nowary spruce posted by Bednarz and Niedzwiedz (2006) were taken into account. Increment cores were collected from 39 Norway spruces growing in the High Tauern near the upper limit of the forest at altitude of 1700-1800 m, 3 km from the meteorological station at Sonnblick. Moreover, the maximum of snow cover depth in Sonnblick (3105 m a.s.l.) for each winter season in the period from 1938/39 to 1994/95 (57 winter seasons) was taken into account. The main results of the research are as follows: (1) tree-ring widths in a given year does not reveal statistically significant dependency on the maximum snow cover depth observed in the winter season, which ended this year; (2) however, the tested relationship is statistically significant in the case of correlating of the tree-ring widths in a given year with a maximum snow cover depth in a season of previous year. The correlation coefficient for the entire period of the study is not very high (r=0.27) but shows a statistical significance at the 0.05 level; (3) the described relationship is not stable over time. 30-year moving correlations showed no significant dependencies till 1942 and after 1982 (probably due to the so-called divergence phenomenon). However, during the period of 1943-1981 the values of correlation coefficient for moving 30-year periods are statistically significant and range from 0.37 to 0.45; (4) the correlation coefficient between real and calibrated (on the base of the regression equation) values of maximum snow cover depth is statistically significant for calibration period and not significant for verification one; (5) due to a quite short period of statistically significant correlations and not very strict dependencies, the reconstruction of snow cover on Sonnblick for the period before regular measurements seems to be not reasonable. © 2017 Institute of Physics Publishing. All rights reserved.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {proceedings}
}
The aim of the study is to examine the correlation of Norway spruce tree-ring widths and the snow cover depth in the High Tauern mountains. The average standardized tree-ring widths indices for Nowary spruce posted by Bednarz and Niedzwiedz (2006) were taken into account. Increment cores were collected from 39 Norway spruces growing in the High Tauern near the upper limit of the forest at altitude of 1700-1800 m, 3 km from the meteorological station at Sonnblick. Moreover, the maximum of snow cover depth in Sonnblick (3105 m a.s.l.) for each winter season in the period from 1938/39 to 1994/95 (57 winter seasons) was taken into account. The main results of the research are as follows: (1) tree-ring widths in a given year does not reveal statistically significant dependency on the maximum snow cover depth observed in the winter season, which ended this year; (2) however, the tested relationship is statistically significant in the case of correlating of the tree-ring widths in a given year with a maximum snow cover depth in a season of previous year. The correlation coefficient for the entire period of the study is not very high (r=0.27) but shows a statistical significance at the 0.05 level; (3) the described relationship is not stable over time. 30-year moving correlations showed no significant dependencies till 1942 and after 1982 (probably due to the so-called divergence phenomenon). However, during the period of 1943-1981 the values of correlation coefficient for moving 30-year periods are statistically significant and range from 0.37 to 0.45; (4) the correlation coefficient between real and calibrated (on the base of the regression equation) values of maximum snow cover depth is statistically significant for calibration period and not significant for verification one; (5) due to a quite short period of statistically significant correlations and not very strict dependencies, the reconstruction of snow cover on Sonnblick for the period before regular measurements seems to be not reasonable. © 2017 Institute of Physics Publishing. All rights reserved.
2016
Falarz, M.; Caputa, Z. A.; Partyka, J.
In: Przeglad Geofizyczny, vol. 61, no. 3-4, pp. 195-207, 2016, ISSN: 00332135.
@article{2-s2.0-85019255938,
title = {Reconstruction of snow cover duration using solar radiation values (on the example of measurements in Southern Kraków-Czȩstochowa Upland) [Rekonstrukcja czasu zalegania pokrywy śnieżnej na podstawie wartości albedo (na przykładzie pomiarów w południowej czȩści wyżyny Krakowsko-Czȩstochowskiej)]},
author = { M. Falarz and Z.A. Caputa and J. Partyka},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85019255938&partnerID=40&md5=f3fac6fc7cdf571a400c1acfc999c546},
issn = {00332135},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Przeglad Geofizyczny},
volume = {61},
number = {3-4},
pages = {195-207},
publisher = {Przeglad Geofizyczny},
abstract = {The main objective of the study is methodical one: development of a method to reconstruct the snow cover duration on the basis of measurements of solar radiation. The additional objective is cognitive: comparison of seasonal snow cover duration in various gcomorphological forms: concave (the bottom of the valley) and convex (plateau) and at different heights above sea level. Studies were carried out on the example of the nival conditions in southern Krakow-Czȩstochowa Upland: in Pradnik valley in Ojcow National Park. There were used daily and timely data of total and reflected shortwave solar radiation for the period 2008-2014, on the basis of which albedo values (α; %) were calculated. Actinometric measurements were performed on the Park Zamkowy station (PZ; 322 m a.s.l.) located in the bottom of the valley of Pradnik and in Lepianka Czajowska station (LCZ; 483 m a.s.l.) located on the plateau of southern Kraków-Czȩstochowa Upland. There were also used daily data describing the thickness of the snow cover in the PZ for the same period. Reconstruction of the number of days with snow cover in the LCZ was performed in three stages: 1.frequency of albedo values were examined in intervals for days with snow cover and days without snow cover in the PZ; 2. simulations of snow cover duration (number of days) were conducted in the PZ using different threshold values (bottom limit) of daily albedo and albedo for 6-9 UTC; 3. limits of albedo designated in the preceding stage research were the basis of reconstruction the number of snow cover in the LCZ; a day with snow cover was the day when the albedo was higher than the established limit values. Designated the boundary values of the albedo is 26% for the entire day and 34% for 6-9 UTC. The difference between these values is the result of albedo dependency on the Sun height. The average annual number of days with snow cover in the investigated period (2008-2014) is 80 in the PZ (observation data) and 75 in LCZ (reconstructed and observation data). In November, when snow cover is created, more days with snow on the ground is observed on the plateau (LCZ: 3 days in average), while from December to March, snow cover occurred longer in the bottom of the valley (PZ). The difference in the snow cover duration between the bottom of the Pradnik valley and the plateau of southern Kraków-Czȩstochowa Upland increases in particular months towards the end of the winter season: it is namely 1 day in January, 2 days in February and 3 days in March. The differences in snow cover duration between the bottom of the valley and the plateau are the resultant of two factors: altitude and topography. The altitude above sea level, plays a more important role in the formation of snow cover, while the morphology of the terrain is of greater importance in the process of melting the snow in the spring.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The main objective of the study is methodical one: development of a method to reconstruct the snow cover duration on the basis of measurements of solar radiation. The additional objective is cognitive: comparison of seasonal snow cover duration in various gcomorphological forms: concave (the bottom of the valley) and convex (plateau) and at different heights above sea level. Studies were carried out on the example of the nival conditions in southern Krakow-Czȩstochowa Upland: in Pradnik valley in Ojcow National Park. There were used daily and timely data of total and reflected shortwave solar radiation for the period 2008-2014, on the basis of which albedo values (α; %) were calculated. Actinometric measurements were performed on the Park Zamkowy station (PZ; 322 m a.s.l.) located in the bottom of the valley of Pradnik and in Lepianka Czajowska station (LCZ; 483 m a.s.l.) located on the plateau of southern Kraków-Czȩstochowa Upland. There were also used daily data describing the thickness of the snow cover in the PZ for the same period. Reconstruction of the number of days with snow cover in the LCZ was performed in three stages: 1.frequency of albedo values were examined in intervals for days with snow cover and days without snow cover in the PZ; 2. simulations of snow cover duration (number of days) were conducted in the PZ using different threshold values (bottom limit) of daily albedo and albedo for 6-9 UTC; 3. limits of albedo designated in the preceding stage research were the basis of reconstruction the number of snow cover in the LCZ; a day with snow cover was the day when the albedo was higher than the established limit values. Designated the boundary values of the albedo is 26% for the entire day and 34% for 6-9 UTC. The difference between these values is the result of albedo dependency on the Sun height. The average annual number of days with snow cover in the investigated period (2008-2014) is 80 in the PZ (observation data) and 75 in LCZ (reconstructed and observation data). In November, when snow cover is created, more days with snow on the ground is observed on the plateau (LCZ: 3 days in average), while from December to March, snow cover occurred longer in the bottom of the valley (PZ). The difference in the snow cover duration between the bottom of the Pradnik valley and the plateau of southern Kraków-Czȩstochowa Upland increases in particular months towards the end of the winter season: it is namely 1 day in January, 2 days in February and 3 days in March. The differences in snow cover duration between the bottom of the valley and the plateau are the resultant of two factors: altitude and topography. The altitude above sea level, plays a more important role in the formation of snow cover, while the morphology of the terrain is of greater importance in the process of melting the snow in the spring.
2013
Falarz, M.
Seasonal stability of snow cover in Poland in relation to the atmospheric circulation Journal Article
In: Theoretical and Applied Climatology, vol. 111, no. 1-2, pp. 21-28, 2013, ISSN: 0177798X, (13).
@article{2-s2.0-84871938560,
title = {Seasonal stability of snow cover in Poland in relation to the atmospheric circulation},
author = { M. Falarz},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84871938560&doi=10.1007%2fs00704-012-0642-x&partnerID=40&md5=4c5681c886050910714d9499b7d10700},
doi = {10.1007/s00704-012-0642-x},
issn = {0177798X},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},
volume = {111},
number = {1-2},
pages = {21-28},
publisher = {Springer-Verlag Wien},
abstract = {The seasonal stability of snow cover (ISS) was defined as a percentage ratio of the real and the potential snow cover duration in a winter season. Main results of the study are as follows: (1) alternately occurring periods of high and low values of the index of snow cover stability did not appeared simultaneously in mountainous and non-mountainous areas; (2) in the majority of Poland area both zonal and meridional components of the atmospheric circulation influence the ISS; however, in south the meridional air flow reveals the stronger impact, mostly due to the intensification of the southern advection by the foehn effect; and (3) changes of two or three indices describing atmospheric circulation explain up to 50 % of the ISS in Poland. The diminishing stability of snow cover in Poland corresponds with an increasing intensity of the advection from the western sector in winter in the second half of the twentieth century in Europe. © 2012 The Author(s).},
note = {13},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The seasonal stability of snow cover (ISS) was defined as a percentage ratio of the real and the potential snow cover duration in a winter season. Main results of the study are as follows: (1) alternately occurring periods of high and low values of the index of snow cover stability did not appeared simultaneously in mountainous and non-mountainous areas; (2) in the majority of Poland area both zonal and meridional components of the atmospheric circulation influence the ISS; however, in south the meridional air flow reveals the stronger impact, mostly due to the intensification of the southern advection by the foehn effect; and (3) changes of two or three indices describing atmospheric circulation explain up to 50 % of the ISS in Poland. The diminishing stability of snow cover in Poland corresponds with an increasing intensity of the advection from the western sector in winter in the second half of the twentieth century in Europe. © 2012 The Author(s).
2009
Łupikasza, E. B.; Bielec-Bąkowska, Z.; Falarz, M.
Variability of selected extreme meteorological events in Poland Journal Article
In: Geographia Polonica, vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 5-20, 2009, ISSN: 00167282, (1).
@article{2-s2.0-72249110125,
title = {Variability of selected extreme meteorological events in Poland},
author = { E.B. Łupikasza and Z. Bielec-Bąkowska and M. Falarz},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-72249110125&doi=10.7163%2fGPol.2009.1.1&partnerID=40&md5=4d5002dc00e6498df1959acec3ff407e},
doi = {10.7163/GPol.2009.1.1},
issn = {00167282},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {Geographia Polonica},
volume = {82},
number = {1},
pages = {5-20},
publisher = {Polska Akademia Nauk},
abstract = {The principal aim of this paper is to analyze the trends of the multi-annual course of the selected characteristics of extreme precipitation, snow cover and atmospheric thunderstorms in the second half of the twentieth century in Poland. The results of these investigations show that in Poland it is only possible to determine a weak decreasing trend of extreme precipitation events in the S and especially in the SW part of the country. In northern Poland, opposite, although similarly weak, trends have also been observed. It is assumed that the most essential features of long-term changeability of extreme precipitation include a higher than average number of days with extremely high precipitation during the 1960s and 1970s, a distinctly lower frequency of such days during the 1950s, 1980s and in the first half of the 1990s. In Poland it is possible to distinguish four broad homogenous areas in terms of the long-term changes in the occurrence of extreme precipitation events. There is considerable regional differentiation when it comes to the occurrence of thunderstorms in Poland, and their long-term changeability does not show any clear trends. Only three stations have determined a weak increase in the number of thunderstorms during the last 120 years. In some stations, an increase in the number of days with thunderstorms during the winter seasons was also observed. There were no significant trends in extreme snow cover in Poland. The periods that contained large and small areas of extreme snow cover thickness occurred alternately. Since the winter season 1987/88, the area of extremely thin snow cover has remained at a relatively high level.},
note = {1},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The principal aim of this paper is to analyze the trends of the multi-annual course of the selected characteristics of extreme precipitation, snow cover and atmospheric thunderstorms in the second half of the twentieth century in Poland. The results of these investigations show that in Poland it is only possible to determine a weak decreasing trend of extreme precipitation events in the S and especially in the SW part of the country. In northern Poland, opposite, although similarly weak, trends have also been observed. It is assumed that the most essential features of long-term changeability of extreme precipitation include a higher than average number of days with extremely high precipitation during the 1960s and 1970s, a distinctly lower frequency of such days during the 1950s, 1980s and in the first half of the 1990s. In Poland it is possible to distinguish four broad homogenous areas in terms of the long-term changes in the occurrence of extreme precipitation events. There is considerable regional differentiation when it comes to the occurrence of thunderstorms in Poland, and their long-term changeability does not show any clear trends. Only three stations have determined a weak increase in the number of thunderstorms during the last 120 years. In some stations, an increase in the number of days with thunderstorms during the winter seasons was also observed. There were no significant trends in extreme snow cover in Poland. The periods that contained large and small areas of extreme snow cover thickness occurred alternately. Since the winter season 1987/88, the area of extremely thin snow cover has remained at a relatively high level.
2008
Falarz, M.
Changes in extreme nival conditions in Poland during the second half of the 20th century Proceedings
vol. 17, no. 3, 2008, ISSN: 09412948, (9).
@proceedings{2-s2.0-58049106685,
title = {Changes in extreme nival conditions in Poland during the second half of the 20th century},
author = { M. Falarz},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-58049106685&doi=10.1127%2f0941-2948%2f2008%2f0293&partnerID=40&md5=07988b9bebcf9e73a171483ef8ad6af9},
doi = {10.1127/0941-2948/2008/0293},
issn = {09412948},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Meteorologische Zeitschrift},
volume = {17},
number = {3},
pages = {339-344},
abstract = {The two main objectives of this study are: 1. to assess the scale of extreme nival conditions in Poland; 2. to provide a fragmentary, regional verification of the IPCC thesis of the increasing frequency of extreme atmospheric phenomena during recent decades, by the estimation of extreme nival conditions tendencies in the second half of the 20th century. The daily data of snow cover depth in 12 meteorological stations in Poland, for the period 1954-2001, were analysed. A winter season with extreme nival conditions is the season, when the snow cover duration value and/or the maximum seasonal snow cover depth value, was of the empirical probability of < 10 % (a season of extremely short duration and/or thin snow cover) or > 90 % (a season of extremely long duration and/or thick snow cover). A slight negative, usually statistically insignificant, trend was found for characteristics concerning extremely abundant snow cover, i.e.: the seasonal number of days with snow cover of a considerable depth; the 90th percentile value of the daily snow cover depth for the period from December 1 to February 28; the seasonal maximum of a 24-hour increase in the snow cover depth (except for northern Poland); the seasonal number of days with a 24-hour increase in the snow cover depth of ≥ 10 cm. At the same time, since the 1970's the scarce snow cover (i.e. of the empirical probability < 10 %) has been observed much more frequently than before. The above mentioned IPCC thesis has been confirmed towards the extremely low snow cover values in Poland. © by Gebrüder Borntraeger 2008.},
note = {9},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {proceedings}
}
The two main objectives of this study are: 1. to assess the scale of extreme nival conditions in Poland; 2. to provide a fragmentary, regional verification of the IPCC thesis of the increasing frequency of extreme atmospheric phenomena during recent decades, by the estimation of extreme nival conditions tendencies in the second half of the 20th century. The daily data of snow cover depth in 12 meteorological stations in Poland, for the period 1954-2001, were analysed. A winter season with extreme nival conditions is the season, when the snow cover duration value and/or the maximum seasonal snow cover depth value, was of the empirical probability of < 10 % (a season of extremely short duration and/or thin snow cover) or > 90 % (a season of extremely long duration and/or thick snow cover). A slight negative, usually statistically insignificant, trend was found for characteristics concerning extremely abundant snow cover, i.e.: the seasonal number of days with snow cover of a considerable depth; the 90th percentile value of the daily snow cover depth for the period from December 1 to February 28; the seasonal maximum of a 24-hour increase in the snow cover depth (except for northern Poland); the seasonal number of days with a 24-hour increase in the snow cover depth of ≥ 10 cm. At the same time, since the 1970's the scarce snow cover (i.e. of the empirical probability < 10 %) has been observed much more frequently than before. The above mentioned IPCC thesis has been confirmed towards the extremely low snow cover values in Poland. © by Gebrüder Borntraeger 2008.
2007
Falarz, M.
Snow cover variability in Poland in relation to the macro- and mesoscale atmospheric circulation in the twentieth century Journal Article
In: International Journal of Climatology, vol. 27, no. 15, pp. 2069-2081, 2007, ISSN: 08998418, (41).
@article{2-s2.0-37249016445,
title = {Snow cover variability in Poland in relation to the macro- and mesoscale atmospheric circulation in the twentieth century},
author = { M. Falarz},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-37249016445&doi=10.1002%2fjoc.1505&partnerID=40&md5=25473052d5ce21d8e51ba43cab98de9c},
doi = {10.1002/joc.1505},
issn = {08998418},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {International Journal of Climatology},
volume = {27},
number = {15},
pages = {2069-2081},
abstract = {The main aim of the study is to investigate the atmospheric circulation impact on snow cover duration (SCD) and maximum seasonal depth of snow cover (MDS) in Poland in the twentieth century. The most important is to answer four questions: (1) which of the two, macro- or mesoscale atmospheric circulation, dominates in influencing the snow cover variability and changes in Poland area? (2) which of the two, meridional (S-N/N-S) or zonal (W-E/E-W) advection, dominates in influencing the snow cover variability and changes? (3) are the atmospheric circulation-snow cover relationships stable with time or did they change in circulation epochs? (4) does any strong relation exist between the snow cover in Poland and the atmospheric circulation enabling the possibility to forecast the nival conditions for the next winter season? The principal results of the study are as follows: (1) the macroscale circulation connected to atmospheric patterns over the Atlantic Ocean impacts stronger on the SCD variability in Poland than the circulation patterns located directly over the Poland area; (2) during the period 1966/67-1995/96 the zonal circulation dominated over the meridional one in influencing the SCD variability and change (the exceptions were areas with the most intensive foehn effect); (3) the decreasing trend of the dependence strength of the SCD on the meridional circulation with respect to the increasing tendency for zonal circulation-SCD impact was observed in the twentieth century; (4) the meridional circulation dominated over the zonal one in influencing the SCD till the 1930s of the twentieth century only (5) the snow cover in Poland is positively correlate with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in October prior to the winter season. The instability of the snow cover dependence on the atmospheric circulation in the twentieth century corresponds roughly to the circulation epochs and periods of intensity changes of the zonal/ meridional advection over Europe. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society.},
note = {41},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The main aim of the study is to investigate the atmospheric circulation impact on snow cover duration (SCD) and maximum seasonal depth of snow cover (MDS) in Poland in the twentieth century. The most important is to answer four questions: (1) which of the two, macro- or mesoscale atmospheric circulation, dominates in influencing the snow cover variability and changes in Poland area? (2) which of the two, meridional (S-N/N-S) or zonal (W-E/E-W) advection, dominates in influencing the snow cover variability and changes? (3) are the atmospheric circulation-snow cover relationships stable with time or did they change in circulation epochs? (4) does any strong relation exist between the snow cover in Poland and the atmospheric circulation enabling the possibility to forecast the nival conditions for the next winter season? The principal results of the study are as follows: (1) the macroscale circulation connected to atmospheric patterns over the Atlantic Ocean impacts stronger on the SCD variability in Poland than the circulation patterns located directly over the Poland area; (2) during the period 1966/67-1995/96 the zonal circulation dominated over the meridional one in influencing the SCD variability and change (the exceptions were areas with the most intensive foehn effect); (3) the decreasing trend of the dependence strength of the SCD on the meridional circulation with respect to the increasing tendency for zonal circulation-SCD impact was observed in the twentieth century; (4) the meridional circulation dominated over the zonal one in influencing the SCD till the 1930s of the twentieth century only (5) the snow cover in Poland is positively correlate with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in October prior to the winter season. The instability of the snow cover dependence on the atmospheric circulation in the twentieth century corresponds roughly to the circulation epochs and periods of intensity changes of the zonal/ meridional advection over Europe. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society.
2006
Falarz, M.
In: Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska. Sectio B, vol. 61, pp. 155-163, 2006, ISSN: 01371983, (2).
@article{2-s2.0-38149076370,
title = {Detection and correction of inhomogeneity in the long-term snow cover series [Wykrywanie i korekta niejednorodności wieloletnich serii niwalnych]},
author = { M. Falarz},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-38149076370&partnerID=40&md5=72bbf20e4246eb9f0f8eef6ffb71baaa},
issn = {01371983},
year = {2006},
date = {2006-01-01},
journal = {Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska. Sectio B},
volume = {61},
pages = {155-163},
abstract = {The aim of the study is verifying and correction of the homogeneity of snow cover series in Poland. The homogeneity of 50-year (1948/49-1997/ 98) series of the snow cover duration, the seasonal maximum depth and the sum of snow cover depth in 66 meteorological stations was investigated using the Alexandersson test. The correction procedure was based on the assumption of equal averages of ratios (or more seldom of differences) of snow cover values of the homogenised and the reference series for the periods before and after the homogeneity break. For the majority of cases the snow cover data before the homogeneity break were transformed. The snow cover duration series appeared to be the most sensitive to the homogeneity break. The inhomogeneities of these series were found in 12 meteorological stations in Poland. The main reasons for the inhomogeneities were changes in stations location, in particular these with significant altitude change (± 30 m to above ± 60 m). In some cases the reason for the break of snow series homogeneity was not explicit. In no case more than one homogeneity break in one series was detected. The Alexandersson test turned out to be helpful for the verifying of the homogeneity of long-term snow cover series. The verifying of the nival series homogeneity and the correction of inhomogeneous series enable to exclude incorrect results of the investigation and to avoid false conclusions, in particular these regarding the long-term climate changes.},
note = {2},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The aim of the study is verifying and correction of the homogeneity of snow cover series in Poland. The homogeneity of 50-year (1948/49-1997/ 98) series of the snow cover duration, the seasonal maximum depth and the sum of snow cover depth in 66 meteorological stations was investigated using the Alexandersson test. The correction procedure was based on the assumption of equal averages of ratios (or more seldom of differences) of snow cover values of the homogenised and the reference series for the periods before and after the homogeneity break. For the majority of cases the snow cover data before the homogeneity break were transformed. The snow cover duration series appeared to be the most sensitive to the homogeneity break. The inhomogeneities of these series were found in 12 meteorological stations in Poland. The main reasons for the inhomogeneities were changes in stations location, in particular these with significant altitude change (± 30 m to above ± 60 m). In some cases the reason for the break of snow series homogeneity was not explicit. In no case more than one homogeneity break in one series was detected. The Alexandersson test turned out to be helpful for the verifying of the homogeneity of long-term snow cover series. The verifying of the nival series homogeneity and the correction of inhomogeneous series enable to exclude incorrect results of the investigation and to avoid false conclusions, in particular these regarding the long-term climate changes.
2005
Falarz, M.
Days with sultry weather in Poland [Dni z pogoda parna na obszarze Polski] Journal Article
In: Przeglad Geograficzny, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 311-323, 2005, ISSN: 00332143, (3).
@article{2-s2.0-29844445172,
title = {Days with sultry weather in Poland [Dni z pogoda parna na obszarze Polski]},
author = { M. Falarz},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-29844445172&partnerID=40&md5=4e6fed089689eb817b55c91d2b31354b},
issn = {00332143},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
journal = {Przeglad Geograficzny},
volume = {77},
number = {3},
pages = {311-323},
abstract = {The study concerns the occurrence of sultriness (with vapour pressure ≥ 18.8 hPa) across Poland. The spatial distribution of the number of days with sultry weather at 12 Coordinated Universal Time was analysed on the basis of data from 53 Polish meteorological stations over the period 1961-2000 (Fig. 2). The direction and magnitude of changes in the number of sultry days in the second half of the 20th century were investigated at a few measurement points, and the 24-hour course and duration of sultriness were also studied. The most important results of the investi gation can be expressed as follows: 1) the average number of days with sultry weather at 12 UTC is steadily greater as one moves across Poland in the NW-SE direction (Fig. 3A); the exceptions are the coastal area (with more sultry days than neighbouring regions) and that of mountains above ca. 1200 m a.s.l. in which sultry days do not occur; 2) the worst bioclimatic conditions in respect of sultriness exist in south-eastern Poland, while the best (most favorable) are in northern and western parts (away from the coast), and in the mountains; 3) the year-on-year variability in the number of sultry days is lowest in south-eastern Poland (40-50%), and highest in the low-mountain area (near to the upper limit for the occurrence of sultriness) and in some regions of northern Poland (>60%; Fig. 3C); 4) on 10-30% of the days with sultry weather at 12 UTC in the coastal area and 40-50% of such a days in most of the rest of Poland, the air temperature at 12 UTC was above 25°C (Fig. 3E); 5) other than in western Poland, an upward trend of statistical significance (at the 0.05 level) was observed in the second half of the 20th century for the number of sultry days (Fig. 4); 6) sultry weather is noted most often at 18 UTC, while it is rarest at 3 UTC (Fig. 5A); 7) the period 1966-2002 manifested an upward trend for the number of cases in which sultry weather persisted for at least 24 hours; at the same time, there was an upward trend for the duration of periods with sultry weather (Figs. 5C, 5D).},
note = {3},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The study concerns the occurrence of sultriness (with vapour pressure ≥ 18.8 hPa) across Poland. The spatial distribution of the number of days with sultry weather at 12 Coordinated Universal Time was analysed on the basis of data from 53 Polish meteorological stations over the period 1961-2000 (Fig. 2). The direction and magnitude of changes in the number of sultry days in the second half of the 20th century were investigated at a few measurement points, and the 24-hour course and duration of sultriness were also studied. The most important results of the investi gation can be expressed as follows: 1) the average number of days with sultry weather at 12 UTC is steadily greater as one moves across Poland in the NW-SE direction (Fig. 3A); the exceptions are the coastal area (with more sultry days than neighbouring regions) and that of mountains above ca. 1200 m a.s.l. in which sultry days do not occur; 2) the worst bioclimatic conditions in respect of sultriness exist in south-eastern Poland, while the best (most favorable) are in northern and western parts (away from the coast), and in the mountains; 3) the year-on-year variability in the number of sultry days is lowest in south-eastern Poland (40-50%), and highest in the low-mountain area (near to the upper limit for the occurrence of sultriness) and in some regions of northern Poland (>60%; Fig. 3C); 4) on 10-30% of the days with sultry weather at 12 UTC in the coastal area and 40-50% of such a days in most of the rest of Poland, the air temperature at 12 UTC was above 25°C (Fig. 3E); 5) other than in western Poland, an upward trend of statistical significance (at the 0.05 level) was observed in the second half of the 20th century for the number of sultry days (Fig. 4); 6) sultry weather is noted most often at 18 UTC, while it is rarest at 3 UTC (Fig. 5A); 7) the period 1966-2002 manifested an upward trend for the number of cases in which sultry weather persisted for at least 24 hours; at the same time, there was an upward trend for the duration of periods with sultry weather (Figs. 5C, 5D).
Falarz, M.; Marsz, A. A.
In: Przeglad Geofizyczny, vol. 50, no. 1-2, pp. 13-29, 2005, ISSN: 00332135, (3).
@article{2-s2.0-27244457495,
title = {The influence of North Atlantic surface temperature on the snow cover duration in Poland [Wpływ zmian temperatury powierzchni Atlantyku północnego na czas zalegania pokrywy śnieżnej w Polsce]},
author = { M. Falarz and A.A. Marsz},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-27244457495&partnerID=40&md5=898a524902c5369ea3e4cac816a55a39},
issn = {00332135},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
journal = {Przeglad Geofizyczny},
volume = {50},
number = {1-2},
pages = {13-29},
abstract = {The aim of this paper is to find an answer to the question whether there are statistically significant relationships between the snow cover duration in Poland and the sea surface temperature of different regions in the North Atlantic Ocean. Connections of the number of days with snow cover in the winter season at 66 meteorological stations located in Poland with anomalies of mean monthly sea surface temperature of the North Atlantic in so called "control grids" and with a few of the indices describing, in a complex way, some of the features of the changes in the heat distribution in the North Atlantic were examined using the methods of correlation and simple and multiple regressions. The correlations between the thermal conditions of the North Atlantic and the snow cover duration are synchronically - the observed changes in the duration of the period with snow cover are delayed by 4-5 months when referred to the year in which the changes in sea surface temperature took place. These correlations are relatively weak and changeable over time. They become stronger in periods in which zonal circulation prevails and at the time of stronger influence of meridional circulation they weaken. The sea areas whose changeability in thermal conditions indicates strongest correlations with the snow cover duration in Poland are located in the west part of the Atlantic Ocean. The snow cover duration in Poland is significantly influenced by the changes in thermal conditions of the Sargasso Sea over the period from January to May preceding the winter season and by the changes in currents regimes: 1) the cold Labrador Current in spring preceding the winter season and 2) the warm Florida Current in the period of winter preceding a winter season in Poland. The larger are heat resources in waters of the Sargasso Sea, the greater is the transport of warm waters carried with the Gulfstream and the stronger the influence of the cooled waters of the Labrador Current becomes, the shorter is the duration of snow cover in Poland in the following winter. The complex influence of the selected features of the sea surface temperature of the Atlantic Ocean illustrated with the help of three combined indices enables to explain 53% of the many year changeability in the mean duration of the snow cover in Poland and 63% of changeability in the number of days with snow cover in the north east part of Poland. However, the standard estimation error remains at quite high level (20% or more of the mean many year value of the snow cover duration).},
note = {3},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The aim of this paper is to find an answer to the question whether there are statistically significant relationships between the snow cover duration in Poland and the sea surface temperature of different regions in the North Atlantic Ocean. Connections of the number of days with snow cover in the winter season at 66 meteorological stations located in Poland with anomalies of mean monthly sea surface temperature of the North Atlantic in so called "control grids" and with a few of the indices describing, in a complex way, some of the features of the changes in the heat distribution in the North Atlantic were examined using the methods of correlation and simple and multiple regressions. The correlations between the thermal conditions of the North Atlantic and the snow cover duration are synchronically - the observed changes in the duration of the period with snow cover are delayed by 4-5 months when referred to the year in which the changes in sea surface temperature took place. These correlations are relatively weak and changeable over time. They become stronger in periods in which zonal circulation prevails and at the time of stronger influence of meridional circulation they weaken. The sea areas whose changeability in thermal conditions indicates strongest correlations with the snow cover duration in Poland are located in the west part of the Atlantic Ocean. The snow cover duration in Poland is significantly influenced by the changes in thermal conditions of the Sargasso Sea over the period from January to May preceding the winter season and by the changes in currents regimes: 1) the cold Labrador Current in spring preceding the winter season and 2) the warm Florida Current in the period of winter preceding a winter season in Poland. The larger are heat resources in waters of the Sargasso Sea, the greater is the transport of warm waters carried with the Gulfstream and the stronger the influence of the cooled waters of the Labrador Current becomes, the shorter is the duration of snow cover in Poland in the following winter. The complex influence of the selected features of the sea surface temperature of the Atlantic Ocean illustrated with the help of three combined indices enables to explain 53% of the many year changeability in the mean duration of the snow cover in Poland and 63% of changeability in the number of days with snow cover in the north east part of Poland. However, the standard estimation error remains at quite high level (20% or more of the mean many year value of the snow cover duration).
2004
Falarz, M.
Variability and trends in the duration and depth of snow cover in Poland in the 20th century Journal Article
In: International Journal of Climatology, vol. 24, no. 13, pp. 1713-1727, 2004, ISSN: 08998418, (64).
@article{2-s2.0-9744268980,
title = {Variability and trends in the duration and depth of snow cover in Poland in the 20th century},
author = { M. Falarz},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-9744268980&doi=10.1002%2fjoc.1093&partnerID=40&md5=62ace2ecae54949ed2209cd060afa70c},
doi = {10.1002/joc.1093},
issn = {08998418},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {International Journal of Climatology},
volume = {24},
number = {13},
pages = {1713-1727},
abstract = {This study investigates the changes and variability of the number of days with snow cover of ≥1 cm depth and the seasonal maximum snow cover depth at 66 meteorological stations throughout Poland, spanning a period of 50 (1948-49 to 1997-98) to 108 (1895-96 to 2002-03) winter seasons. A slight decreasing trend was observed with snow cover characteristics in most of Poland during the second half of the 20th century, but no change was distinguished for the longer periods. The snow cover changes are related to circulation changes, and particularly to the increased frequency of western advection over Poland. However, the scale of the snow cover change is not proportional to the air temperature changes, which have been found in many previous studies to display an increasing statistically significant trend in winter. An increasing trend of snow cover in the last 50 winter seasons is observed in areas with abundant snow cover only, i.e. in northeastern Poland (snow cover depth) and in the mountains (snow cover duration). In lowland areas of Poland the snow cover duration indicates an 8 year periodicity. The year-to-year variability of snow cover has been increasing, particularly during the second half of the 20th century. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society.},
note = {64},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This study investigates the changes and variability of the number of days with snow cover of ≥1 cm depth and the seasonal maximum snow cover depth at 66 meteorological stations throughout Poland, spanning a period of 50 (1948-49 to 1997-98) to 108 (1895-96 to 2002-03) winter seasons. A slight decreasing trend was observed with snow cover characteristics in most of Poland during the second half of the 20th century, but no change was distinguished for the longer periods. The snow cover changes are related to circulation changes, and particularly to the increased frequency of western advection over Poland. However, the scale of the snow cover change is not proportional to the air temperature changes, which have been found in many previous studies to display an increasing statistically significant trend in winter. An increasing trend of snow cover in the last 50 winter seasons is observed in areas with abundant snow cover only, i.e. in northeastern Poland (snow cover depth) and in the mountains (snow cover duration). In lowland areas of Poland the snow cover duration indicates an 8 year periodicity. The year-to-year variability of snow cover has been increasing, particularly during the second half of the 20th century. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society.
2003
Falarz, M.
In: Dokumentacja Geograficzna, no. 29, pp. 108-112, 2003, ISSN: 00125032, (1).
@article{2-s2.0-4344697416,
title = {Change and variability of snow cover in Poland during the 20th century [Changements et variabilite de la duree de la persistance et de l'epaisseur du couche de neige en Pologne au XXe siecle]},
author = { M. Falarz},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-4344697416&partnerID=40&md5=5d6adc31649d23743b3dcd9aa9bc7c9c},
issn = {00125032},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
journal = {Dokumentacja Geograficzna},
number = {29},
pages = {108-112},
abstract = {The aim of the study is to investigate long-term changes and variability of snow cover in Poland in the 20th century. The investigation involved homogenised data on the snow cover duration and seasonal maximum depth of snow cover from 66 meteorological stations in Poland spanning 50 to 108 winter seasons.},
note = {1},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The aim of the study is to investigate long-term changes and variability of snow cover in Poland in the 20th century. The investigation involved homogenised data on the snow cover duration and seasonal maximum depth of snow cover from 66 meteorological stations in Poland spanning 50 to 108 winter seasons.
2002
Falarz, M.
Long-term variability in reconstructed and observed snow cover over the last 100 winter seasons in Cracow and Zakopane (southern Poland) Journal Article
In: Climate Research, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 247-256, 2002, ISSN: 0936577X, (30).
@article{2-s2.0-0036320985,
title = {Long-term variability in reconstructed and observed snow cover over the last 100 winter seasons in Cracow and Zakopane (southern Poland)},
author = { M. Falarz},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036320985&doi=10.3354%2fcr019247&partnerID=40&md5=372bb487ccfb0897fbf52f5990b42238},
doi = {10.3354/cr019247},
issn = {0936577X},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Climate Research},
volume = {19},
number = {3},
pages = {247-256},
publisher = {Inter-Research},
abstract = {An attempt to reconstruct the seasonal snow cover data in Cracow (for 26 winter seasons) and Zakopane (for 19 winter seasons) at the turn of the 20th century based on climatic data was made by using multiple regression. The results of the reconstruction were more successful for the station located at lower altitude (Cracow, 206 m above sea level) and allowed an analysis of nival conditions to be extended over 104 winter seasons. The reconstructed data obtained for Zakopane (857 m above sea level) appear to be overestimated for the number of snow cover days and sum of daily snow cover depth. Thus, they were excluded from further calculations. The mean snow cover duration at Zakopane (128 d yr-1) is twice as long as that at Cracow. An analysis of long-term variability of seasonal snow cover duration, seasonal maximum snow depth and sum of daily snow cover depth in Cracow for the period 1895/96-1998/99 and in Zakopane for the periods 1895/96-1998/99 and 1914/15-1998/99 showed no statistically significant trend in any case. The statistically significant (p < 0.05) decreasing trend of snow cover duration at both stations (-13 d/10 yr in Cracow, -8 d/10 yr in Zakopane) in the period 1961-1990 could be selected for the whole period investigated. The variation coefficient for snow cover duration is over twice as large for Cracow (37%) as for Zakopane (15%).},
note = {30},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
An attempt to reconstruct the seasonal snow cover data in Cracow (for 26 winter seasons) and Zakopane (for 19 winter seasons) at the turn of the 20th century based on climatic data was made by using multiple regression. The results of the reconstruction were more successful for the station located at lower altitude (Cracow, 206 m above sea level) and allowed an analysis of nival conditions to be extended over 104 winter seasons. The reconstructed data obtained for Zakopane (857 m above sea level) appear to be overestimated for the number of snow cover days and sum of daily snow cover depth. Thus, they were excluded from further calculations. The mean snow cover duration at Zakopane (128 d yr-1) is twice as long as that at Cracow. An analysis of long-term variability of seasonal snow cover duration, seasonal maximum snow depth and sum of daily snow cover depth in Cracow for the period 1895/96-1998/99 and in Zakopane for the periods 1895/96-1998/99 and 1914/15-1998/99 showed no statistically significant trend in any case. The statistically significant (p < 0.05) decreasing trend of snow cover duration at both stations (-13 d/10 yr in Cracow, -8 d/10 yr in Zakopane) in the period 1961-1990 could be selected for the whole period investigated. The variation coefficient for snow cover duration is over twice as large for Cracow (37%) as for Zakopane (15%).
Falarz, M.
In: Przeglad Geograficzny, vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 83-108, 2002, ISSN: 00332143, (14).
@article{2-s2.0-0036081817,
title = {The climatic causes of changes and long-term variability in the snow cover of the Polish Tatra Mountains [Klimatyczne przyczyny zmian i wieloletniej zmienności wystepowania pokrywy śnieżnej w polskich Tatrach]},
author = { M. Falarz},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036081817&partnerID=40&md5=9be275c08739592cd7758562161f2895},
issn = {00332143},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Przeglad Geograficzny},
volume = {74},
number = {1},
pages = {83-108},
abstract = {The project investigated the dependence between long-term snow cover variability in the Polish Tatra Mountains and changes in major climatic factors (air circulation, temperature and precipitation) as analysed individually and in combination. The results are as follows: - the greatest relative changes of snow cover are indicated by the seasonal maximum and sum of daily snow cover depth across the entire vertical profile of the Tatra Mountains (with a downward trend in most cases); - the meridional (N-S/S-N) atmospheric circulation clearly predominates over the zonal (W-E/E-W) circulation in the shaping of snow conditions and their long-term variability in the Polish Tatra Mountains. This is caused by the amplifying effect the foehn winds have on the differences between the northerly and southerly atmospheric circulation; - mean maximum air temperature has the greatest impact on the long-term variability of snow cover at the foot of the Tatra-Mountains. A diminishing of this effect with altitude is caused by the fact that air temperature remains irrelevant to snow conditions (stays below 0°C) for a longer and longer part of the year with increasing altitude above sea level; -snowfall has the greatest impact on the long-term variability of the snow cover across the entire vertical profile of the Tatra Mountains. Just as with air temperature, its impact grows weaker with greater altitude above sea level; - an analysis of the combined effect of the factors on snow cover variability over time confirms the dominating role of snowfall at all analysed altitudes. At the foot of the Tatra Mountains, the mean maximum temperature and the N-S/S-N circulation also proved to be significant within the combined climatic factor impact; - the combined effect of the three main climatic factors on snow cover accounts for between 24 and 66 per cent of its long-term variability, respectively in the highest climatic zones and at the foot of the mountains; - the weakening correlation between snow cover variability and the climatic elements and factors analysed which is noted with altitude indicates that other factors, not covered here, have a growing impact on the long-term changes of snow cover in higher climatic zones. The most significant of these factors include the wind and sun conditions.},
note = {14},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The project investigated the dependence between long-term snow cover variability in the Polish Tatra Mountains and changes in major climatic factors (air circulation, temperature and precipitation) as analysed individually and in combination. The results are as follows: - the greatest relative changes of snow cover are indicated by the seasonal maximum and sum of daily snow cover depth across the entire vertical profile of the Tatra Mountains (with a downward trend in most cases); - the meridional (N-S/S-N) atmospheric circulation clearly predominates over the zonal (W-E/E-W) circulation in the shaping of snow conditions and their long-term variability in the Polish Tatra Mountains. This is caused by the amplifying effect the foehn winds have on the differences between the northerly and southerly atmospheric circulation; - mean maximum air temperature has the greatest impact on the long-term variability of snow cover at the foot of the Tatra-Mountains. A diminishing of this effect with altitude is caused by the fact that air temperature remains irrelevant to snow conditions (stays below 0°C) for a longer and longer part of the year with increasing altitude above sea level; -snowfall has the greatest impact on the long-term variability of the snow cover across the entire vertical profile of the Tatra Mountains. Just as with air temperature, its impact grows weaker with greater altitude above sea level; - an analysis of the combined effect of the factors on snow cover variability over time confirms the dominating role of snowfall at all analysed altitudes. At the foot of the Tatra Mountains, the mean maximum temperature and the N-S/S-N circulation also proved to be significant within the combined climatic factor impact; - the combined effect of the three main climatic factors on snow cover accounts for between 24 and 66 per cent of its long-term variability, respectively in the highest climatic zones and at the foot of the mountains; - the weakening correlation between snow cover variability and the climatic elements and factors analysed which is noted with altitude indicates that other factors, not covered here, have a growing impact on the long-term changes of snow cover in higher climatic zones. The most significant of these factors include the wind and sun conditions.
2000
Falarz, M.
In: Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska. Sectio B, no. 55-56, pp. 133-144, 2000, ISSN: 01371983, (3).
@article{2-s2.0-0034590103,
title = {Methods of the reconstruction of snow cover in the period before regular nival observations (with an example of Cracow) [Metody rekonstrukcji pokrywy śnieznej w okresie przed rozpoczȩciem regularnych obserwacji niwalnych (na przykładzie Krakowa)]},
author = { M. Falarz},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034590103&partnerID=40&md5=d8475bc9406a8729e71ce06eba25791c},
issn = {01371983},
year = {2000},
date = {2000-01-01},
journal = {Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska. Sectio B},
number = {55-56},
pages = {133-144},
abstract = {The paper contains a description, application and comparison of three methods of the snow cover reconstruction based on available data of climatic elements and indices. The reconstruction allows to extend an analysis of nival conditions in Cracow over 105 winter seasons (1895/96-1999/2000). The multiple regression method was used to reconstruct a seasonal (method 1) and monthly (method 2) number of days with snow cover. Brown and Goodison's (1996) method based on a model including the daily precipitation and temperature data was adopted and used for the reconstruction of daily snow cover depth (method 3). All methods were calibrated in a basic period, then verified in an independent control period when both snow cover and other climatic data were available and finally were used for the reconstruction of nival conditions in the period before the beginning of regular snow cover observations. The results of snow cover reconstruction are satisfactory for all three methods. The best results seem to be obtained for the method 3, indicating the smallest differences between reconstructed and observed snow cover characteristics.},
note = {3},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The paper contains a description, application and comparison of three methods of the snow cover reconstruction based on available data of climatic elements and indices. The reconstruction allows to extend an analysis of nival conditions in Cracow over 105 winter seasons (1895/96-1999/2000). The multiple regression method was used to reconstruct a seasonal (method 1) and monthly (method 2) number of days with snow cover. Brown and Goodison's (1996) method based on a model including the daily precipitation and temperature data was adopted and used for the reconstruction of daily snow cover depth (method 3). All methods were calibrated in a basic period, then verified in an independent control period when both snow cover and other climatic data were available and finally were used for the reconstruction of nival conditions in the period before the beginning of regular snow cover observations. The results of snow cover reconstruction are satisfactory for all three methods. The best results seem to be obtained for the method 3, indicating the smallest differences between reconstructed and observed snow cover characteristics.