@article{2-s2.0-85178219674,

title = {The hypothesis of the shape of the permafrost in Hornsund, Spitsbergen and the potential impact of its degradation on the Arctic},

author = { A. Marciniak and M. Majdański and W. Dobiński and B. Owoc and J. Cader},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85178219674&doi=10.1016%2fj.catena.2023.107689&partnerID=40&md5=3f7d97da0307c264ff285155827d3971},

doi = {10.1016/j.catena.2023.107689},

issn = {03418162},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Catena},

volume = {235},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {The areas covered by permafrost in the polar regions are vulnerable to rapid changes in the current climate. The well-studied near-surface active layer and permafrost zone are in contrast to the unknown exact shape of the bottom permafrost boundary. Therefore, the entire shape of permafrost between the upper and lower boundaries is not identified with sufficient accuracy. Since most of the factors affecting deep cryotic structures are subsurface in nature, their evolution in deeper layers is also relatively unclear. Here, we propose a hypothesis based on the results of geophysical studies regarding the shape of the permafrost in the coastal area of Svalbard, Southern Spitsbergen. In the article, we emphasize the importance of recognizing not only the uppermost active layer but also the bottom boundary of permafrost along with its transition zone, due to the underestimated potential role of its continuity in observing climate change. The lower permafrost boundary is estimated to range from 70 m below the surface in areas close to the shore to 180 m inland, while a continuous layer of an entirely frozen matrix can be identified with a thickness between 40 m and 100 m. We also hypothesized the presence of the possible subsea permafrost in the Hornsund. The influence of seawater intrusions, isostatic uplift of deglaciated areas, and surface-related processes that affect permafrost evolution may lead to extensive changes in the hydrology and geology of the polar regions in the future. For all these reasons, monitoring, geophysical imaging and understanding the characteristics and evolution of deep permafrost structures requires global attention and scientific efforts. © 2023},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85171159430,

title = {Active layer thickness（ALT）in permafrost regions under natural/undisturbed state: a review [天然状态下多年冻土区活动层厚度研究进展与展望]},

author = { D. Luo and Hu. Jin and Q. Wu and O.М. Makarieva and S. Tian and J. Kang and Ji. Wang and X. Peng and W. Dobiński and Fa. Chen},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85171159430&doi=10.7522%2fj.issn.1000-0240.2023.0043&partnerID=40&md5=b2b42b799789b496520a3e35a2f79aa6},

doi = {10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2023.0043},

issn = {10000240},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology},

volume = {45},

number = {2},

pages = {558-574},

publisher = {Science Press (China)},

abstract = {The active layer is the most thermodynamically active near-surface soil layer in the permafrost regions. It is vital to the permafrost eco-environments as it serves as the critical zone for the supply of water and nutrients for the growth of alpine/northern plants，as well as the habitats for most frequent microbial activities and critical biogeochemical cycles. It also plays an indispensable role in the exchanges of water and energy between the atmosphere and the near-surface ground. Recently，the active layer thickness（ALT）under natural and undisturbed conditions had been prevalently increased under the dual influences of climate warming and increasing anthropogenic activities，which poses significant adverse influences on the cold environment and frozen ground engineering. In this paper，we reviewed the influencing factors of the ALT under natural and undisturbed conditions in the aspects of macro-scale geology and geography and micro-scale local factors，the measurements and simulations of ALT，as well as the response characteristics of ALT to climate change. Moreover，we also discussed the impact of ALT change on the alpine ecological environment. The past modeling and observations demonstrated that the spatial heterogeneity of ALT was primarily attributed to the redistribution of solar radiation and its complex interactions with the underlying conditions. Presuming no differentiation in climate and local factors，the thicker ALT is always found in the vicinity of the lower limits of elevational permafrost or of the southern/northern limits of latitudinal permafrost. In the past three decades，ALT has increased sensitively to climate warming，which is characteristic of increasing with the rise of air temperature. The increase of ALT shows an obvious regional differentiation，among which the ALT at most of the mid-latitude alpine and mountainous permafrost regions，such as in the Tibetan Plateau and the Alps，has shown significant increasing trends，while the deepening of ALT to a certain extent was offset by the melting of ground ice and ensued thaw settlement or ground surface subsidence at high-latitude ice-rich permafrost areas. Therefore，not all sites at high latitudes have experienced significant increasing trends as revealed by the observations. However，when analyzing the sensitivity of ALT by the ratio of its changing rate to its average value，we have found that the sites in the Alps （1. 46）and the Nordic regions（1. 27）were the most sensitive，followed by the sites in Alaska（0. 93）and on the Tibetan Plateau（0. 91），while those in Canada（0. 25）had relatively low sensitivity. We conclude that the future research directions of ALT should focus on the precise simulation and mapping of ALT，the adaptive mechanisms of ALT to climate changes，the impact of changing ALT on the biogeochemical cycles，hydrological processes，and water resources and structures in cold regions，among many others. © 2023 Science Press (China).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85139186466,

title = {Area and borders of Antarctic and permafrost—A review and synthesis},

author = { W. Dobiński and J.E. Szafraniec and B. Szypuła},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85139186466&doi=10.1002%2fppp.2170&partnerID=40&md5=d5371989f3ef55a85f630175cec01328},

doi = {10.1002/ppp.2170},

issn = {10456740},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Permafrost and Periglacial Processes},

volume = {34},

number = {1},

pages = {37-51},

publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Ltd},

abstract = {The Antarctic continent is a crucial area for ultimate determination of permafrost extent on Earth, and its solution depends on the theoretical assumptions adopted. In fact, it ranges from 0.022 × 106 to 14 × 106 km2. This level of inaccuracy is unprecedented in the Earth sciences. The novelty of the present study consists in determining the extent of Antarctic permafrost not based exclusively on empirical studies but on universal criteria resulting from the definition of permafrost as the thermal state of the lithosphere, which was applied for the first time to this continent. The area covered by permafrost in Antarctica is ca. 13.9 million km2, that is its entire surface. This result was also made possible due to the first clear determination of the boundaries and area of the continent. The Antarctic area includes (a) rocky subsurface with (b) continental ice-sheets and (c) shelf glaciers, which, due to their terrigenous origin and belonging to the lithosphere, belongs to the continent in the same way. Antarctica is covered by continuous permafrost, either in a frozen or in a cryotic state. This also significantly influences delimitation of the global extent of permafrost, which can therefore be defined much more accurately. The proposed ice reclassification and its transfer from the hydrosphere to the lithosphere will allow the uniform treatment of ice in the Earth sciences, both on Earth and on other celestial bodies. © 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.},

note = {1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85127572923,

title = {Variations of permafrost under freezing and thawing conditions in the coastal catchment Fuglebekken (Hornsund, Spitsbergen, Svalbard)},

author = { M. Majdański and W. Dobiński and A. Marciniak and B. Owoc and M. Glazer and M. Osuch and T. Wawrzyniak},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85127572923&doi=10.1002%2fppp.2147&partnerID=40&md5=bf0b60bcce92c8896b3e1ee5cb7ef02e},

doi = {10.1002/ppp.2147},

issn = {10456740},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Permafrost and Periglacial Processes},

volume = {33},

number = {3},

pages = {264-276},

publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Ltd},

abstract = {Two seismic field surveys were organized in the Fuglebekken coastal catchment of Hornsund, Spitsbergen, Svalbard, to map frozen and unfrozen ground and assess the spatial and temporal state of the permafrost. Surveys were conducted during maximum thawing in September and maximum freezing in April of the following year. The obtained seismic wavefields were interpreted using three methods: the dispersion of surface waves, seismic refraction, and travel time tomography. The seismic experiments were supported by nearby boreholes with continuous thermal monitoring. In the frozen survey, a gradual increase in ice content of water-filled sediments was found, farther from the coast. In September the shallow sensors in the boreholes validated positive ground temperatures down to 3.0 m depth, with below-zero temperatures at greater depths. However, seismic tomography indicated that the ground was unfrozen down to 30 m. The ground probably remained unfrozen due to intrusion of high-salinity seawater, even though it had been below 0°C. In April, in the area 300 m and farther from the coast, the ground below 3 m depth was frozen, except for a 19-m-deep open talik identified in a borehole at the slope of Fugle Mountain. We attribute the complex spatial extent, form, and condition of permafrost in the Fuglebekken coastal catchment to multiple factors, including variable solar energy, snow and ground cover, thermal and humidity properties of the soil, subsurface water flow, and seawater intrusion. The presented combination of seismic methods provides a new robust and precise approach to assess the spatial variability of permafrost in a coastal environment. The proposed interpretation shows deep percolation of subsurface flow into permafrost and its seasonal unfreezing at a depth of 30 m in both the zone of saltwater intrusion and the slope area. © 2022 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.},

note = {2},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85125645367,

title = {Permafrost Base Degradation: Characteristics and Unknown Thread With Specific Example From Hornsund, Svalbard},

author = { W. Dobiński and M. Kasprzak},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85125645367&doi=10.3389%2ffeart.2022.802157&partnerID=40&md5=1c9cc411461f39804679294704a5eba0},

doi = {10.3389/feart.2022.802157},

issn = {22966463},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Earth Science},

volume = {10},

publisher = {Frontiers Media S.A.},

abstract = {Permafrost degradation is one of the most pressing issues in the modern cryosphere related to climate change. Most attention is paid to the degradation of the top of the active permafrost associated with contemporary climate. This is the most popular issue because in the subsurface part of it there is usually the greatest accumulation of ground ice in direct relation to the changes taking place. The melting of ground ice is the cause of the greatest changes related to subsidence and other mass-wasting processes. The degradation of the subsurface permafrost layer is also responsible for the increased emission of CO2 and methane. However, this is not a fully comprehensive look at the issue of permafrost degradation, because depending on its thickness, changes in its thermal properties may occur more or less intensively throughout its entire profile, also reaching the base of permafrost. These changes can degrade permafrost throughout its profile. The article presents the basic principles of permafrost degradation in its overall approach. Both the melting of the ground ice and the thermal degradation of permafrost, as manifested in an increase in its temperature in part or all of the permafrost profile, are discussed. However, special attention is paid to the degradation characteristics from the permafrost base. In the case of moderately thick and warm permafrost in the zone of its sporadic and discontinuous occurrence, this type of degradation may particularly contribute to its disappearance, and surficial consequences of such degradation may be more serious than we expect on the basis of available research and data now. A special case of such degradation is the permafrost located in the coastal zone in the vicinity of the Hornsund Spitsbergen, where a multidirectional thermal impact is noted, also causing similar degradation of permafrost: from the top, side and bottom. Especially the degradation of permafrost from the permafrost base upwards is an entirely new issue in considering the evolution of permafrost due to climate change. Due to the difficulties in its detection, this process may contribute to the threats that are difficult to estimate in the areas of discontinuous and sporadic permafrost. Copyright © 2022 Dobiński and Kasprzak.},

note = {9},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85133862764,

title = {Multi-method geophysical mapping of ground properties and periglacial geomorphology in Hans Glacier forefield, SW Spitsbergen},

author = { A. Marciniak and M. Osuch and T. Wawrzyniak and B. Owoc and W. Dobiński and M. Glazer and M. Majdański},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85133862764&doi=10.24425%2fppr.2022.140363&partnerID=40&md5=0426e27ae7a284bc045b3288b79143e8},

doi = {10.24425/ppr.2022.140363},

issn = {01380338},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Polish Polar Research},

volume = {43},

number = {2},

pages = {101-123},

publisher = {Polska Akademia Nauk},

abstract = {This article presents the results of a geophysical survey from which detailed images of glacial and periglacial landforms and subsurface structures were obtained. Sediments and landforms on newly deglaciated terrain can be used to reconstruct the extent and character of glaciers in the past and add to the understanding of their response to climate and environmental changes. To derive spatial information from complex geomorphological terrain, joint interpretation of three non-intrusive geophysical methods were applied: Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), and time-lapse Seismic Tomography. These were used to identify subsurface structures in the forefield of the retreating Hans Glacier in SW Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Three main zones were distinguished and described: outwash plain, terminal moraine from the last glacial maximum, and glacial forefield proximal to the glacier front. Geophysical profiles across these zones reveal information on glacio-fluvial sediment thickness and structure, ice thickness and structure, and bedrock topography. The freezing-thawing effect of the active layer has a strong and deep impact, as demonstrated by variations in P-wave velocity in the obtained outcomes. The results are discussed in the context of the current climate in Svalbard. This study provides a snapshot of ground parameters and the current state of the subsurface in southern Spitsbergen. The boundary between sediment-bedrock layers was estimated to be from 5 to 20 m in depth. It is the first such extensive description of periglacial structures in the forefield of the Hans Glacier, utilising the longest ERT profile (1500 m) in Svalbard together with deep GPR and precise seismic tomography. Copyright © 2022. The Authors.},

note = {1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85088637347,

title = {Permafrost active layer},

author = { W. Dobiński},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85088637347&doi=10.1016%2fj.earscirev.2020.103301&partnerID=40&md5=db08705b35934609a16f7ba9bd908c96},

doi = {10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103301},

issn = {00128252},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Earth-Science Reviews},

volume = {208},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {This article discusses the properties and occurrence of an active layer (AL) in the near-surface of the lithosphere in glacial and periglacial environments. This layer shows a seasonal variability in temperature, as a result of the climate. The AL, as classically understood, seasonally thaws and freezes, while in glacial environments it usually only reaches 0 °C. The definition of AL is currently not consistent with the definition of permafrost, even though both concepts usually appear linked. For these terms to be comparable, both should be defined based on temperature variability and not exclusively on phase change. Thus, the AL would be described not only as the upper section of perennially frozen ground presenting seasonal thaw-freeze cycles (# 1) but as a layer presenting a seasonal variation in temperature (# 2). Classical active layer can be thawed to a depth of approximately 2–8 cm, the thickest AL reaches over 20 m. In the particularly favorable conditions AL might be completely absent with the permafrost beginning at the ground surface. In glacial and sub-marine permafrost environments, the AL includes a layer of liquid water that seasonally accompanies the permafrost. Glaciers and ice sheets are usually devoid of the classical AL. In both cases, the AL is usually horizontal, but in specific terrains such as sea shore cliffs or karst environments, the AL may have a vertical course and may even be reversed. Both AL and permafrost are common in other frozen bodies in the solar system, differing mainly in their thermal character. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {16},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85080978887,

title = {Spatial distribution and controls of permafrost development in non-glacial Arctic catchment over the Holocene, Fuglebekken, SW Spitsbergen},

author = { M. Glazer and W. Dobiński and A. Marciniak and M. Majdański and M. Błaszczyk},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85080978887&doi=10.1016%2fj.geomorph.2020.107128&partnerID=40&md5=50698462862a8cc1e2cf74e3e6dc59a7},

doi = {10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107128},

issn = {0169555X},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Geomorphology},

volume = {358},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {This article presents the distribution and properties of the permafrost based on electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) data collected at the Fuglebekken coastal catchment area in SW Spitsbergen. This work summarizes the development of permafrost in this area during the Holocene, from the mountain environment through to the system of elevated marine terraces found around the coast. The ERT models were analysed taking into consideration the non-unique nature of the data inversion process and the physical limitations of this method. Comparing the ERT and the MASW results allows a zonal characterization of the occurring ice-bearing permafrost and its correlation with the evolution history of the catchment area. Maritime transgression as well as intensive watercourses during past degradation episodes have altered the permafrost presence and ice-accumulating abilities of different sediment zones. Permafrost development depends greatly on the presence of surface watercourses in talus slopes. The youngest elevated uplifted marine terrace did not develop an ice-rich permafrost, but the presence of permafrost in a cryotic form is possible. The significant range of the fjord water infiltration found within the sedimentary cover have influenced the development of the coastal permafrost. The current structure of ice-bearing permafrost found in the research area seems to be very sensitive to the climatic changes. Based on these results, we propose a model for the formation of the current permafrost in the studied area. © 2020},

note = {9},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85085710213,

title = {Deglaciation rate of selected nunataks in spitsbergen, svalbard—potential for permafrost expansion above the glacial environment},

author = { J.E. Szafraniec and W. Dobiński},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85085710213&doi=10.3390%2fgeosciences10050202&partnerID=40&md5=344482d9a14b07252a47f76ea28d074e},

doi = {10.3390/geosciences10050202},

issn = {20763263},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Geosciences (Switzerland)},

volume = {10},

number = {5},

publisher = {MDPI AG},

abstract = {Spitsbergen has recently experienced a continuous deglaciation process, linked to both glacier front retreat and lowering of the glacier surface. This process is accompanied by permafrost aggradation from the top of the slopes down to the glacier. Here, the authors determine the rate of permafrost expansion in this type of vertical profile. To this end, seven nunataks across the island were analysed using Landsat satellite imagery, a high-resolution digital elevation model (ArcticDEM), and geoinformation software. Over the last 24–31 years, new nunataks gradually emerged from the ice cover at an average linear rate of 0.06 m a−1 per degree of increment of the slope of the terrain at an average altitude of approximately 640 m a.s.l. The analysis showed that the maximum rate of permafrost expansion down the slope was positively correlated with the average nunatak elevation, reaching a value of approximately 10,000 m2 a−1. In cold climates, with a mean annual air temperature (MAAT) below 0 °C, newly exposed land is occupied by active periglacial environments, causing permafrost aggradation. Therefore, both glacial and periglacial environments are changing over time concomitantly, with permafrost aggradation occurring along and around the glacier, wherever the MAAT is negative. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.},

note = {5},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85085316312,

title = {The occurrence of permafrost within the glacial domain},

author = { W. Dobiński},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85085316312&doi=10.3390%2fgeosciences10050193&partnerID=40&md5=43a2bf5c9a22d61cde9a971f9e84e79e},

doi = {10.3390/geosciences10050193},

issn = {20763263},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Geosciences (Switzerland)},

volume = {10},

number = {5},

publisher = {MDPI AG},

abstract = {The occurrence of permafrost within glacial environments has never been comprehensively defined based on scientific evidence, despite its importance in determining how all the components of the cryosphere associate and interact. Here, the relation between glaciers and permafrost is discussed based on what scientific field they have been traditionally associated with. As the most accepted definition of permafrost is not exclusively linked to the presence of a geological medium, this can also be ice of any origin, including snow and glacial ice. Thus, active glaciers can act as permafrost medium. Indeed, all thermal types of glaciers meet the definition of permafrost as they remain at or below 0 °C for certainly more than two consecutive years. Active rock glaciers, regardless of the origin of the ice within, also meet the definition of permafrost. The presence of an active layer is not a prerequisite for the existence of permafrost either. Therefore, a comprehensive definition of permafrost occurrence across the cryosphere is essential to appropriately understand the phenomenon as a whole, not only as seen from our planet but also as it occurs for example on the icy moons of the Solar System and other frozen rocky bodies. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.},

note = {2},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85076974149,

title = {Northern Hemisphere permafrost extent: Drylands, glaciers and sea floor. Comment to the paper: Obu, J., et al. 2019. Northern Hemisphere permafrost map based on TTOP modeling for 2000–2016 at 1 km2 scale, Earth Science Reviews, 193, 299–316},

author = { W. Dobiński},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85076974149&doi=10.1016%2fj.earscirev.2019.103037&partnerID=40&md5=f92389e2591d7de2ed81a7d4d5154eda},

doi = {10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.103037},

issn = {00128252},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Earth-Science Reviews},

volume = {203},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {The article published by Obu et al. (2019) estimating the occurrence of permafrost over a Northern Hemisphere. The results published differ from those presented in previous works. This comment highlights the errors introduced in that study, and in a positive note, its cause and proposed solution. The problem remains beyond capabilities of computed models or empirical research. Its solution lies in using the correct categories and land classifications, and clearly defining the medium subjected to freezing. In particular, the correct classification of ice plays a decisive role here. To provide a full picture of the occurrence of permafrost on the Earth surface, three different media must be considered: 1) exposed land, traditionally understood as “dry land”, 2) glaciers and ice sheets together with its bed and 3) the sea floor (continental shelves). The biggest weakness of the published study is not including glaciated areas in their estimations. The authors do not take either a clear position in this crucial matter, despite a radical divergence of opinions has emerged in recent years. Whether and in what way Greenland or other glaciated areas are covered by permafrost remains a pressing issue, as the final determination of the range of the permafrost worldwide depends on it. Until then, any criteria or benchmark used will continue to be ambiguous and open to discussion, maintaining the discrepancy at millions of square kilometers. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {4},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85047787310,

title = {Horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio variability in the presence of permafrost},

author = { D. Kula and D. Olszewska and W. Dobiński and M. Glazer},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85047787310&doi=10.1093%2fgji%2fggy118&partnerID=40&md5=6f2c547e87dc491e80771c67324aea03},

doi = {10.1093/gji/ggy118},

issn = {0956540X},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Geophysical Journal International},

volume = {214},

number = {1},

pages = {219-231},

publisher = {Oxford University Press},

abstract = {Due to fluctuations in the thickness of the permafrost active layer, there exists a seasonal seismic impedance contrast in the permafrost table. The horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) method is commonly used to estimate the resonant frequency of sedimentary layers on top of bedrock. Results obtained using this method are thought to be stable in time. The aim of the study is to verify whether seasonal variability in the permafrost active layer influences the results of the HVSR method. The research area lies in the direct vicinity of the Polish Polar Station, Hornsund, which is located in Southern Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Velocity models of the subsurface are obtained using the HVSR method, which are juxtaposed with electrical resistivity tomography profiles conducted near the seismic station. Survey results indicate that the active layer of permafrost has a major influence on the high-frequency section of the HVSR results. In addition, the depth of the permafrost table inferred using the HVSR method is comparable to the depth visible in electrical resistivity tomography results. This study proves that, in certain conditions, the HVSR method results vary seasonally, which must be taken into account in their interpretation. © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Royal Astronomical Society.},

note = {8},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85049222874,

title = {Probable two-layered permafrost formation, as a result of climatic evolution in mountainous environment of Storglaciären forefield, Tarfala, Northern Scandinavia},

author = { W. Dobiński and M. Glazer},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85049222874&doi=10.24425%2f118745&partnerID=40&md5=795837b2fc50ac2da96207f611cfb54a},

doi = {10.24425/118745},

issn = {01380338},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Polish Polar Research},

volume = {39},

number = {2},

pages = {177-209},

publisher = {Polish Academy of Sciences},

abstract = {The analysis of climate changes in of the Tarfala valley and Kebnekaise Mts area, and changes within the range of the Scandinavian Glaciation shows that even in the warmest period of Holocene there were favourable environmental conditions for permafrost of the Pleistocene origin to be preserved in this area. The results of electrical resistivity surveys together with analysis of available publications indicate that two layers of permafrost can be distinguished in the Storglaciären forefield. The shallower, discountinuous, with thickness ca. 2-6 meters is connected to the current climate, The second, deeper located layer of permafrost, separated with talik, is older. Its thickness can reach dozens of metres and is probably the result of permafrost formation during Pleistocene. The occurrence of two-layered permafrost in the Tarfala valley in Kebnekaise area shows the evolution of mountain permafrost may be seen as analogous to that in Western Siberia. This means that the effect of climate changes gives a similar effect in permafrost formation and evolution in both altitudinal and latitudinal extent. The occurrence of two-layered permafrost in Scandes and Western Siberia plain indicates possible analogy in climatic evolution, and gives opportunity to understand them in uniform way. © Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.},

note = {1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85042141556,

title = {Cold-temperate transition surface and permafrost base (CTS-PB) as an environmental axis in glacier-permafrost relationship, based on research carried out on the Storglaciären and its forefield, northern Sweden},

author = { W. Dobiński and M. Grabiec and M. Glazer},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042141556&doi=10.1017%2fqua.2017.65&partnerID=40&md5=57c8ce699962ef34b58327d8ac6d9013},

doi = {10.1017/qua.2017.65},

issn = {00335894},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Quaternary Research (United States)},

volume = {88},

number = {3},

pages = {551-569},

publisher = {Cambridge University Press},

abstract = {Here, we present empirical ground penetrating radar (GPR) and electroresistivity tomography data (ERT) to verify the cold-temperate transition surface-permafrost base (CTS-PB) axis theoretical model. The data were collected from Storglaciären, in Tarfala, Northern Sweden, and its forefield. The GPR results show a material relation between the glacial ice and the sediments incorporated in the glacier, and a geophysical relation between the "cold ice" and the "temperate ice" layers. Clearly identifying lateral glacier margins is difficult, as periglacial and glacial environments frequently overlap. In this case, we identified areas showing permafrost aggradation already under the glacier, particularly where the CTS is replaced by the PB surface. This structure appears as a result of the influence of a cold climate over both the glacial and periglacial environments. The results show how these surfaces form a specific continuous environmental axis; thus, both glacial and periglacial areas can be treated uniformly as a specific continuum in the geophysical sense. Similarly, other examples previously described also allow identifying a continuation of permafrost from the periglacial environment onto the glacial base. In addition, the ERT results show the presence of double-layered periglacial permafrost, possibly suggesting a past climatic fluctuation in the study area. Copyright © University of Washington. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2017.},

note = {10},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84992017483,

title = {Ice classification as a basis for determining the borders and area of Antarctica [Klasyfikacja lodu jako podstawa do określenia granic i powierzchni Antarktydy]},

author = { W. Dobiński},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84992017483&doi=10.7163%2fPrzG.2016.3.3&partnerID=40&md5=75adc154516927f50c2e265c3f30c16d},

doi = {10.7163/PrzG.2016.3.3},

issn = {00332143},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Przeglad Geograficzny},

volume = {88},

number = {3},

pages = {339-351},

publisher = {Polska Akademia Nauk},

abstract = {Antarctica is commonly perceived to be a continent, and so must first and foremost have a clearly defined area and borders, if it is to be called a land. The area of each such land is determined by its borders. The question of the border between land and sea has everywhere raised certain doubts, but nowhere are these as severe as in the case of the Antarctic. Being entirely covered with ice creeping down to the ocean, Antarctica has a boundary that takes the form of an ice barrier along 95% of its length, with the ice in question entering the sea to a greater or lesser extent. There is thus no unified position as to where the borders of Antarctica should be taken to lie. Rather three different positions maintain that: 1. the border is the limit of the Antarctic ice sheet bedrock protruding above the water surface – and hence an entity particularly hard to determine given the aforementioned high level of coverage by a continental glacier; 2. the boundary of the Antarctic continent can be defi ned as a “grounding line”, i.e. a line where the creeping ice sheet as a whole rests on the sea-bed, and is thus in no part supported by water, i.e. floating. 3. the boundary of the continent is a land border together with the ice-barrier of glaciers ending in the sea, in particular ice shelves (the Antarctic continent is also sometimes taken to include so called “fast ice”; i.e. long-term sea ice frozen to the land or ice shelves and thus remaining at a standstill). Depending on criterion for the border that is adopted, Antarctica’s area can be seen to change markedly (in comparison with other continents). The size is usually calculated at between 13.5 and 14x106km2. However, this is not the end of the problems with defining borders and area in the case of Antarctica. As a continent may be deemed a continuous (in Latin continuus) land, hence the name of continent, it forms part of the lithosphere. However, ice joins other forms of water in being classified as part of the hydrosphere, and this precludes it being recognised as a component of the lithosphere. Antarctica is therefore believed commonly to be called a continent in a manner that has no regard to glaciation. In recent years, an image of the Antarctic bedrock called Bedmap 2 has been prepared on the basis of georadar research. This shows that 5.5x106 km2 of Antarctic bedrock, or 44.7% of the entire area, is located below sea level. This means that only about halfof the surface of the continent in the traditional sense can actually be recognized as land, or rather an archipelago similar to the one located in the Canadian Arctic. In nevertheless remains common for ice to be treated as a mineral and as rock in geology. On this basis, its return to the lithosphere has long been postulated, while the lack of such a change in reality has tended to cause considerable disruption in science, to the extent that even an unambiguous determination of whether Antarctica is a continent is not permitted. The concept of the ice-lithosphere is not unknown to science, given that it is commonly present on other celestial bodies of the Solar System. There is no requirement that analogies relating to knowledge in the Earth sciences should be one-way only, with the effect that the analogy based on the principle of uniformitarianism can and should be reversed: it is not the Earth, as something exceptional in space, that should be the point of reference in the understanding of the cosmos, but rather the other planets that should serve as such a reference as the Earth is explored. © 2016, Polska Akademia Nauk. All rights reserved.},

note = {1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84966622104,

title = {Permafrost prospecting and geological structure of Mt. Babia Góra in the light of the electroresistivity imaging method [Poszukiwanie wieloletniej zmarzliny i budowa geologiczna Babiej Góry w świetle wyników obrazowania elektrooporowego]},

author = { W. Dobiński and M. Glazer and B. Bieta and M.J. Mendecki},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84966622104&doi=10.7163%2fPrzG.2016.1.2&partnerID=40&md5=cca6c038ed2cabdab22ed1a4943827b0},

doi = {10.7163/PrzG.2016.1.2},

issn = {00332143},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Przeglad Geograficzny},

volume = {88},

number = {1},

pages = {31-51},

publisher = {Polska Akademia Nauk},

abstract = {The article reports the results of fi eldwork carried out on the peak of Babia Gora to verify a hypothesis regarding the existence of permafrost at this location. The climate and geomorphological evolution of this area suggest that both past and current frost processes play an important role here. Furthermore, not far from this massif - in the Tatra Mts - permafrost was detected at an altitude of ca. 2000 m a.s.l., in an area where mean annual air temperature (MAAT) drops to minus 0.8°C. The MAAT at the summit of Babia Gora is likewise below 0°C. Given that long-term freezing of the massif in the glacial period reached down to considerable depths, the climatic evolution of the massif indicates that permafrost could have lasted through to the present time. In the study area three resistivity profi les were made using the resistivity imaging method. Two of these were 300 m long and one 400 m. The depth of interpretation extends to approx. 90 m below the ground surface in the last case. While the results of the geophysical surveys do not confi rm the presence of permafrost in the study area unambiguously, its presence may not be precluded in certain places in the shallow subsurface layer. The permafrost originating in older geological periods and located at greater depth was probably exposed to relatively rapid degradation, given the geological structure of Babia Góra allowing for deep water drainage. Resistivity models shows the geological structure of the research area close to the summit of Babia Góra, but do not resolve the issue of the existence of modern or fossil permafrost. The temperature of the water in springs located close to the summit is almost constant, though, and does not exceed 1°C. This shows that water circulation is a relatively deep one, and the temperature within the massif cannot therefore be higher than this. The existence of permafrost is not therefore precluded, and this might be possible in the form of the cryotic state. The measurements made present only the fi rst approach to the hypothesis regarding the possible existence of permafrost on Babia Góra, and further research applying other, complementary methods may still change views on this subject. © 2016, Polska Akademia Nauk. All Rights reserved.},

note = {1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84946570837,

title = {Comments on the article “an outline of the history of ground freezing and permafrost research in the polish tatra mountains” by S. Kędzia [Komentarz do artykułu S. Kędzi pt.: Zarys historii badań przemarzania gruntu i wieloletniej zmarzliny w polskiej części Tatr*]},

author = { W. Dobiński},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84946570837&doi=10.7163%2fPrzG.2015.3.9&partnerID=40&md5=8c1d67ea7377da6def45e5f7d651e103},

doi = {10.7163/PrzG.2015.3.9},

issn = {00332143},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Przeglad Geograficzny},

volume = {87},

number = {3},

pages = {555-563},

publisher = {Polska Akademia Nauk},

abstract = {This paper offers critical comment as regards the text of the article by S. Kędzia. The main complaints are based on the fact that, in his paper, the said author does not distinguish between seasonal frost and permafrost, identifying a negative average annual temperature as permafrost, and suggesting that the presence of permafrost can be established by methods other than ground temperature measurement within at least two consecutive years, as well as that permafrost could be responsible for the movement of a relict rock glacier. © 2015 Polska Akademia Nauk. All rights reserved.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84855356614,

title = {The concept of cryo-conditioning in landscape evolution - Comment to the paper published by Ivar Berthling and Bernd Etzelmüller, Quaternary Research 75 (2011) 378-384},

author = { W. Dobiński},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84855356614&doi=10.1016%2fj.yqres.2011.06.017&partnerID=40&md5=360aae645d27861c16fc0c6dc28f2836},

doi = {10.1016/j.yqres.2011.06.017},

issn = {00335894},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Quaternary Research},

volume = {77},

number = {1},

pages = {211-212},

abstract = {The term "cryo-conditioning," proposed by the authors for classifying specific landform association in periglacial landscapes, needs to be defined more precisely. A starting point could be the proper understanding of the term "Cryo-" in the various compound words found in various disciplines. This is also important for a correct understanding of the proposed concepts, since it concerns one of the most important processes in nature: the phase transition of water between solid and liquid. Cold-temperate transition surfaces in polythermal glaciers and at the permafrost base in their forelands can act as a specific hub between the glacial and periglacial domains. © 2011 University of Washington.},

note = {1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84855509649,

title = {Spatial relationship in interaction between glacier and permafrost in different mountainous environments of high and mid latitudes, based on GPR research},

author = { W. Dobiński and M. Grabiec and B. Gądek},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84855509649&partnerID=40&md5=5a2d6fd4ed1331e210baf4982635de7d},

issn = {16417291},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Geological Quarterly},

volume = {55},

number = {4},

pages = {375-388},

abstract = {Ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys were conducted on both the glaciers and their forefields inthe Tatra Mountains, Northern Scandinavia and on Spitsbergen-between the 49° and 77° latitudes. The results show that the glacial and periglacial environments interpenetrate. Permafrost is present in the glacier, and glacial ice may occur in the periglacial environment. What is common for both the environments is the perennial melting point surface, with the temperature close to 0°C. In the glacier it is the boundary of the cold-tem-perate transition surface and on the forefield - permafrost base.},

note = {17},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-80052092704,

title = {Permafrost},

author = { W. Dobiński},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80052092704&doi=10.1016%2fj.earscirev.2011.06.007&partnerID=40&md5=33eb50619845171ec74c84deb5d1bf2e},

doi = {10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.06.007},

issn = {00128252},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Earth-Science Reviews},

volume = {108},

number = {3-4},

pages = {158-169},

abstract = {Since its introduction, the definition of permafrost has rarely been discussed or reviewed. Recent decades have brought a series of significant, often interdisciplinary works on a periglacial zone and permafrost as well as their relation with other components of the environment, especially with glaciers. They show that, despite its unequivocal definition, the term has lost its sharpness and explicitness with regard to some aspects of research. The article presents a current state of understanding of permafrost phenomenon, regarding the use of the term permafrost, which means a physical state, not a material thing. Processes which it undergoes, that is exclusively aggradation and degradation, and also the possibility of its occurrence in glacial and periglacial environments of geographical space, where it covers over a quarter of land area on the Earth. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {106},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-77954442875,

title = {Geophysical characteristics of permafrost in the Abisko area, Northern Sweden},

author = { W. Dobiński},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77954442875&doi=10.4202%2fppres.2010.08&partnerID=40&md5=51ef49e94b39c01884d3d97eab8aa34e},

doi = {10.4202/ppres.2010.08},

issn = {01380338},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {Polish Polar Research},

volume = {31},

number = {2},

pages = {141-158},

abstract = {Research on permafrost in the Abisko area of northern Sweden date from the 1950s. A mean annual air temperature of -3 C in the Abisko mountains (i.e. 1000 m a.s.l.)and -1°C beyond the mountain area at an altitude of around 400 m suggests that both mountain and arctic permafrost occur there. Several geophysical surveys were performed by means of resistivity tomography (ERT) and electromagnetic mapping (EM). Wherever possible the geophysical survey results were calibrated by digging tests pits. The results show that permafrost occurs extensively in the mountain areas, especially those above 900 m a.s.l. and also sporadically at lower altitudes. At 400 m a.s.l. permafrost may be up to 30 m thick. Its thickness and extent are determined largely by the very variable local rock and soil conditions. Fossil permafrost is also likely to occur in this area.},

note = {13},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-33751543805,

title = {Geophysical investigation of the contemporary and pleistocene permafrost in the Kasprowy Wierch, Tatra Mts, Poland [Geofizyczne badania współczesnej i plejstoceńskiej zmarzliny na Kasprowym Wierchu]},

author = { W. Dobiński and B. Żogała and K. Wzietek and L. Litwin},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33751543805&partnerID=40&md5=a0ff22f1699ac7ed364a5c25517003dd},

issn = {00332135},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-01-01},

journal = {Przeglad Geofizyczny},

volume = {51},

number = {1},

pages = {71-82},

abstract = {Climatological analysis shows that Kasprowy Wierch summit is the place where lower limit of discountinuous permafrost probably occurs. DC resistivity tomography, BTS, VES, and shallow electromagnetic soundings were used in the fieldwork to examine the possibility of permafrost occurrence there. The data gathered indicates that permafrost is present from the peak of Kasprowy Wierch to the altitude of about 1850 m asl. The results support the thesis on the existence of two layers of permafrost in the Tatra Mountains: the active one, connected with the present climate, which occurs on Kasprowy Wierch at the depth of about 1.2-4.0 m and the one of pleistocene origin. The depth at which the latter occur depends on altitude above sea level, and occur from about twenty meters below the ground surface.},

note = {1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-33751226952,

title = {Ice and environment: A terminological discussion},

author = { W. Dobiński},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33751226952&doi=10.1016%2fj.earscirev.2006.07.003&partnerID=40&md5=d61d9776c250109c883903e92d82c177},

doi = {10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.07.003},

issn = {00128252},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-01-01},

journal = {Earth-Science Reviews},

volume = {79},

number = {3-4},

pages = {229-240},

abstract = {This article discusses the terminological and disciplinary problems associated with the point of view that ice is a rock, resulting from a dynamic development of earth sciences which have begun the research into other planets as well. Such a position necessitates a revision of the definitions of the hydrosphere, atmosphere and lithosphere. It is the state that determines which particular sphere ice belongs to. Water is understood to be a triphase substance. As a result permafrost should now include the "cold" layer of polythermal glaciers. Rock glaciers are features that integrate glacial and periglacial permafrost. This facilitates the research into the interaction between the glacial and the periglacial environment by recognizing the leading role of the isotherm 0 °C as the physical feature integrating these fields. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},

note = {17},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-30344447956,

title = {Permafrost of the Carpathian and Balkan Mountains, eastern and southeastern Europe},

author = { W. Dobiński},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-30344447956&doi=10.1002%2fppp.524&partnerID=40&md5=539d077f4c5ada0e4c937637eb7c7dcb},

doi = {10.1002/ppp.524},

issn = {10456740},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

journal = {Permafrost and Periglacial Processes},

volume = {16},

number = {4},

pages = {395-398},

abstract = {Analysis of freezing and thawing indices indicates that climatic conditions sufficient for permafrost development occur at heights of 1930 m asl in the Tatra Mountains (Poland; 49°N), 2000 m asl in the south Carpathian Mountains (Romania; 45°N), and 2300 m as1 in the Balkans (Bulgaria; 42°N). Extrapolation suggests that conditions suitable for permafrost may also exist at altitudes of 2700 m asl in the Olympus Mountains (Greece; 39-40°N). In the High Tatra, permafrost may exist as both relict Pleistocene permafrost and contemporary permafrost. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.},

note = {18},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-21144451671,

title = {Permafrost in the Tatra Mts.: Genesis, features, evolution [Wieloletnia zmarzlina w Tatrach: Geneza, cechy, ewolucja]},

author = { W. Dobiński},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-21144451671&partnerID=40&md5=3248a800f899f684b1b02dcfc891bd43},

issn = {00332143},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-01-01},

journal = {Przeglad Geograficzny},

volume = {76},

number = {3},

pages = {327-343},

abstract = {Since permafrost research in the Tatra Mountains began, several geophysical measurements have been made. This have included electroresistivity soundings, BTS measurements, seismic soundings and climatological analysis of thawing and freezing indices. Such research well documents permafrost occurrence in these mountains. On the basis of the results of fieldwork, together with other indicators further analyses were done. The aim of this paper has thus been to give an esti mate of the age of the permafrost, as well as to assess such specific features as: temperature, depth of the permafrost table and permafrost base, an amount and age of ice. In the paper information is given on the genesis of Tatra permafrost and its evolution in the Holocene together with glacier retreat. The permafrost thickness is probably in the range from 3 to 42 m below the active layer. The content of ice oscillates from near 0% in the solid, poorly fractured granodiorites which form the highest summits of the Tatra Mts., to about 90% in ice cores which are located under a thick cover of weathering material in the highest glacial cirques. The values for permafrost temperature are in the range -0.02 to -8.79°C. Calculations show that the shortest time necessary for complete melting of the permafrost at this altitude in the Tatra Mts. is 7750 years, and the longest 17,179 years. This would suggest that, considering the most favourable conditions, there are still chances that the Pleistocene permafrost (glacier ice?) in the Tatra Mts. has lasted through to the present time.},

note = {14},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-33751539345,

title = {Lower limit of permafrost occurrence in the Tatra Mts. [Granica wystepowania wieloletniej zmarzliny w Tatrach]},

author = { W. Dobiński},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33751539345&partnerID=40&md5=c0073b600575a8f270a9a17bbf31807f},

issn = {00459453},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-01-01},

journal = {Czasopismo Geograficzne},

volume = {75},

number = {1-2},

pages = {123-132},

publisher = {University of Wroclaw},

abstract = {In the paper the author presents the results of field measurements of bottom temperature of the winter snow cover (BTS) together with climatic analysis of freezing and thawing indices in the High Tatra Mts. The analysis shows a good agreement between the results obtained by those methods, and allows to calculate the lower limit of active permafrost occurrence on northern and southern slopes. Potentially there are favourable condition for continuous, discontinuous, and sporadic permafrost occurrence in the Tatra Mts. Mean lower boundary of active permafrost lies on the altittude of 1930 m asl. On the slopes with southern and northern aspect it is located about 200 meters higher or lower, respectively. The area occupied by permafrost in the Tatras exceeds 100 km 2 . Permafrost existence is also possible below the lower limit in specific favourable climatic conditions. Below this limit fossil (early Holocene) permafrost may also occur.},

note = {3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-0031391673,

title = {Distribution of mountain permafrost in the high Tatras based on freezing and thawing indices},

author = { W. Dobiński},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031391673&partnerID=40&md5=d069753b80dd84b6ed8eaeb914bcc5f2},

issn = {00679038},

year  = {1997},

date = {1997-01-01},

journal = {Biuletyn Peryglacjalny},

volume = {36},

pages = {29-45},

abstract = {Analysis was carried out in order to state whether in the High Tatras exist potential climatic conditions to preserve permafrost. Using freezing and thawing method it has been found that the High Tatras are in zone of potential occurrence of continuous, discontinuous and sporadic permafrost. The results are presented in the paper.},

note = {10},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-0007718924,

title = {Wyniki geoelektrycznych badań osadów czwartorzçdowych w piçtrze alpejskim Tatr Wysokich},

author = { W. Dobiński and B. Gądek and B. Żogała},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0007718924&partnerID=40&md5=0d5f37765dedcc45f4b69e99f2f0de94},

issn = {00332151},

year  = {1996},

date = {1996-01-01},

journal = {Przeglad Geologiczny},

volume = {44},

number = {3},

pages = {259-261},

abstract = {[No abstract available]},

note = {8},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-0028684377,

title = {Rock glaciers [Lodowce gruzowe]},

author = { W. Dobiński},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028684377&partnerID=40&md5=7c6db51b7181ccbe62ea319d52bc6ec2},

issn = {00459453},

year  = {1994},

date = {1994-01-01},

journal = {Czasopismo Geograficzne},

volume = {65},

number = {2},

pages = {109-123},

abstract = {The paper briefly presents the knowledge concerning rock glaciers from their first reference to present day. The author describes their characteristic features eg; shape, surface, dimensions as well as englacial structure, formation with regard to weather (precipitation, temperature), the influence of geological and geomorphological conditions and exposure. The movement of rock glaciers is their characteristic feature; creeping caused by plastic deformation, sliding down the material on the surface. The characteristic velocities are 5-160 cm/yr. The author also characterizes the rock glaciers occurring in Tatra Mts. In conclusion it was found, that the rock glaciers are less susceptible to the changes in climate, non-synchronous in evolution with classic glaciers and the active forms are most likely the indicators of existence of permafrost. However the rock glaciers may also be the indicators of palaeogeographic conditions connected with the decline of glaciation and occurrence of permafrost. -from English summary},

note = {2},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}