@article{2-s2.0-85184730898,

title = {Consumption of polypropylene caused some ultrastructural and physiological changes in some tissues of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae},

author = { M.M. Rost-Roszkowska and P. Mermer and Ł. Chajec and A. Sosinka and G. Wilczek and S. Student and A.K. Wrońska and O. Karnówka},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85184730898&doi=10.1080%2f24750263.2024.2308529&partnerID=40&md5=bf8c4c030f37d08c900af092c647bfff},

doi = {10.1080/24750263.2024.2308529},

issn = {24750263},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {European Zoological Journal},

volume = {91},

number = {1},

pages = {213-234},

publisher = {Taylor and Francis Ltd.},

abstract = {G. mellonella is a promising species for use in the biodegradation of plastics. It is easy to breed and has high resistance to diverse climatic conditions, which is particularly valuable when considering its potential application in the decomposition of plastics. Thus, it demonstrated the capacity for biodegradation of the most common types of plastics, such as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP). However, reports on whether consumed plastics or their decomposition products will adversely affect the structure and functioning of the internal organs are rather poor. The studies aimed to determine whether the consumption of PP by a greater wax moth larvae caused any ultrastructural changes in the organs of the animal’s body, evaluate the survival rate of the animals, and describe their reproduction. Thus, this study provided an understanding of histological and ultrastructural changes caused, or not caused, by the PP diet. We investigated three organs–midgut, silk gland, and fat body–under PP consumption by G. mellonella caterpillars (7th instar larvae). The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in selected organs, as well as the ability of larvae to survive and undergo metamorphosis were also examined. The animals were divided into four groups: G0-C, G0-S, G0-24, and G0-48. The research used transmission electron microscopy (TEM), confocal microscopy, and flow cytometry. Our study showed that a diet containing PP did not affect internal organs at the ultrastructural level. Cells in the analyzed organs–midgut, silk gland, and fat body–showed no degenerative changes. An increase in the intensity of autophagy and cell vacuolization was noted, but they probably act as a survival pathway. These observations suggest that the final larval stage of the greater wax moth can potentially be applied in PP biodegradation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85184696427,

title = {Toxic effects of nickel on tolerance and regeneration in the freshwater shrimp Neocaridina davidi},

author = { A. Ostróżka and Ł. Chajec and G. Wilczek and S. Student and K. Kocot and J. Homa and M.M. Rost-Roszkowska},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85184696427&doi=10.1080%2f24750263.2024.2310041&partnerID=40&md5=65d4437a7e8c700b222268bf3d805f30},

doi = {10.1080/24750263.2024.2310041},

issn = {24750263},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {European Zoological Journal},

volume = {91},

number = {1},

pages = {180-205},

publisher = {Taylor and Francis Ltd.},

abstract = {Heavy metals cause environmental pollution and produce toxic effects on organisms. Nickel (Ni) is a common metallic pollutant of aquatic ecosystems and potentially can produce multifarious changes in the body of aquatic organisms. The average nickel content in rivers is about 0.7 μg/l. As a result, the homeostasis of the affected organism is disturbed, and processes that can counteract the changes are activated. To better understand the effects of Ni in the freshwater environment and its fauna, it is important to establish whether all changes caused in cells and tissues by Ni exposure are reversible when the animal returns to the non-polluted environment. Thus, the main aim of the study was to analyze changes that occur after Ni exposure and after it is returned to non-contaminated water at various levels of the animal’s body. The freshwater shrimp Neocaridina davidi (Crustacea) was selected as the subject of the study. As the organ for studies, we chose the midgut because it is a barrier against stressors that enter the organism. A concentration of 3.63 mg Ni/l was selected for the experiment, at which approximately 50% mortality of the population was observed after 14 days. The midgut was analyzed using light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), confocal microscopy, and flow cytometry for qualitative and quantitative results. When the organisms were transferred to clean water, a prolong exposure resulted in a decrease in the values of the analyzed parameters (e.g. ROS; cell death; etc.) proportional to the purification time. The recovery time was insufficient to return to control values in most analyzed groups. Nevertheless, the occurrence of regenerative changes suggests that freshwater shrimps are relatively tolerant to nickel, when the exposure time is short and the recovery time is long. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85182560169,

title = {The effect of ingested copper on the structural and cytotoxic properties of Steatoda grossa (Theridiidae) spider silk},

author = { G. Wilczek and K. Surmiak–Stalmach and M. Morenc and A. Niemiec–Cyganek and M. Rost–Roszkowska and J. Karcz and M. Skowronek},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85182560169&doi=10.1016%2fj.zool.2024.126143&partnerID=40&md5=56fbbe699b16881cdb703d96ed091f6d},

doi = {10.1016/j.zool.2024.126143},

issn = {09442006},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Zoology},

volume = {162},

publisher = {Elsevier GmbH},

abstract = {Spiders, assigned to macroconcentrators of heavy metals, are particularly threatened by the toxic effects of these chemicals. Until now, it has not been specified to what extent metals alter the processes proceeding in silk glands and if such changes could consequently influence the chemical and structural properties of the spun web threads. In the present study selected biological properties of Steatoda grossa (Theridiidae) silk yarn after nutritional exposure to copper at sublethal doses (0.234 mM CuSO4) were assessed. It was determined both changes in ultrastructure of ampullate glands and hunting web's architecture as well the cytotoxic effect in model cells (fibroblasts: line ATCC® CCL–1 NCTC clone 929), that were in contact with the analyzed biomaterial. The exposure of spiders to copper caused the occurrence of apoptotic cells in the ampullate glands as well as a significant reduction in the diameter of single fibers in double and multiple connection complexes as compared with control. At both 24 and 72 h of incubation, intensification of apoptotic and necrotic processes was observed in the fibroblast cultures that were remaining in indirect contact with the webs produced by copper–contaminated individuals. In the case of fibroblasts in direct contact with silk from the copper group, a clear cytotoxic effect resulting in an increased frequency of necrosis was observed after 72 h of incubation. The results indicated that copper may change the biological properties of spider silk and compromise its biomaterial properties. © 2024 Elsevier GmbH},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85153709800,

title = {Assessment of Selected Immune Parameters in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery with the Use of Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Aspects of Age and Sex—A Pilot Study},

author = { P. Sindera and E. Kucewicz-Czech and G. Wilczek},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85153709800&doi=10.3390%2fbiomedicines11041224&partnerID=40&md5=f48cc3c47ca7de05264c292e03b5193a},

doi = {10.3390/biomedicines11041224},

issn = {22279059},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Biomedicines},

volume = {11},

number = {4},

publisher = {MDPI},

abstract = {The present study aimed to assess the changes in the immunological parameters of patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The serum or plasma samples of patients were assessed to determine the concentrations of IL-6, one of the major proinflammatory cytokines (seven females and six males), and selected classes of immunoglobulins (six females and seven males). The samples for ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) were collected from patients before the use of CPB, at 60 min of the use of CPB, and at 24 h after the surgery. After 24 h of the surgery, IL-6, IgM, and IgG concentrations were higher in the serum of female patients than in the serum of male patients. However, compared to female patients, male patients showed a significant increase in IgG3 concentration after 24 h of the surgery. Regardless of age, the levels of the analyzed classes of immunoglobulins were similar in all patients. Additionally, in both age groups, a significant increase in the serum IL-6 concentration was observed after the first postoperative day, and this increase was more pronounced in patients diagnosed to have postoperative infections. The serum IL-6 concentration can serve as a potential marker of pathogenic infections in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB and is thus useful for the early diagnosis of postoperative infections. © 2023 by the authors.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85165967465,

title = {How cadmium and copper change the sensitivity of the hemocytes of Steatoda grossa spider on immunostimulation: qualitative and quantitative analysis},

author = { G. Wilczek and M.M. Rost-Roszkowska and J. Homa and E. Szulińska and S. Student and Ł. Chajec and Kl. Wiśniewska and K. Surmiak-Stalmach},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85165967465&doi=10.1080%2f24750263.2023.2237989&partnerID=40&md5=d78134cfb2a4a0526661036b6548776b},

doi = {10.1080/24750263.2023.2237989},

issn = {24750263},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {European Zoological Journal},

volume = {90},

number = {2},

pages = {624-642},

publisher = {Taylor and Francis Ltd.},

abstract = {The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of hemocytes of adult Steatoda grossa females to cadmium and copper administered orally for 4 weeks or 12 months, and to check the metabolic condition of these cells after immunostimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). The viability of hemocytes (flow cytometry and luminescence techniques), their ultrastructure (transmission electron microscopy), and the antioxidant activity of hemolymph (superoxide dismutase; catalase; total antioxidant capacity; TAC) were analyzed. The results showed that, compared to copper, cadmium caused severe necrotic changes in hemocytes and impaired oxygen burst reactions and antioxidant responses, regardless of the exposure time. Copper induced degenerative changes only during short-term exposure, but its long-term intoxication did not impair the metabolic processes of hemocytes. Administration of PMA to spiders that were chronically exposed to either of the metals caused an increase in TAC levels in the hemolymph. Although the concentration of ATP in hemocytes was reduced relative to the control, the ADP/ATP ratio did not change, precluding a strong depletion of cellular energy resources. The metabolic condition of hemocytes stabilized with prolonged metal exposure, indicating the activation of defense mechanisms under operating stressors. © 2023 University of Silesia. Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85144323876,

title = {Effect of gluten on the digestive tract and fat body of Telodeinopus aoutii (Diplopoda)},

author = { F. Błaszczyk and A. Sosinka and G. Wilczek and S. Student and M.M. Rost-Roszkowska},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85144323876&doi=10.1002%2fjmor.21546&partnerID=40&md5=e081a74179e2400fb67b1e829e62bcc9},

doi = {10.1002/jmor.21546},

issn = {03622525},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Morphology},

volume = {284},

number = {1},

publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Inc},

abstract = {Adult specimens or larvae of invertebrates used as food for vertebrates are often maintained close to gluten so they might become vectors for cereal proteins. However, the tissues and internal organs can respond differently in animals with different feeding habits. The midgut epithelium might be a first and sufficient barrier preventing uptake and effects of gluten on the whole body, while the fat body is the main organ that accumulates different xenobiotics. Good models for such research are animals that do not feed on gluten-rich products in their natural environment. The project's goal was to investigate alterations in the midgut epithelium and fat body of the herbivorous millipede Telodeinopus aoutii (Diplopoda) and analyze cell death processes activated by gluten. It enabled us to determine whether changes were intensified or reversed by adaptive mechanisms. Adult specimens were divided into control and experimental animals fed with mushrooms supplemented with gluten and analyzed using transmission electron microscopy, flow cytometry, and confocal microscopy. Two organs were isolated for the qualitative and quantitative analysis: the midgut and the fat body. Our study of the herbivorous T. aoutii which does not naturally feed on gluten containing diet showed that continuous and prolonged gluten feeding activates repair processes that inhibit the processes of cell death (apoptosis and necrosis) and induce an increase in cell viability. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85144260933,

title = {Effects of chronic exposure to cadmium and copper on the proteome profile of hemolymph in false widow spider Steatoda grossa (Theridiidae)},

author = { K. Wiśniewska and M. Siatkowska and P. Komorowski and K. Napieralska and K. Kasperkiewicz and K. Surmiak–Stalmach and G. Wilczek},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85144260933&doi=10.1016%2fj.ecoenv.2022.114448&partnerID=40&md5=153c3c677737289e0729b73df004f954},

doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114448},

issn = {01476513},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety},

volume = {249},

publisher = {Academic Press},

abstract = {The aim of this study was to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative changes in the proteome of the hemolymph of female Steatoda grossa spiders (Theridiidae) that were chronically exposed to cadmium and copper in food and were additionally immunostimulated (phorbol 12–myristate 13–acetate (PMA); bacterial suspensions: Staphylococcus aureus (G+); Pseudomonas fluorescens (G–). It was found that the expression of nearly 90 proteins was altered in cadmium–intoxicated spiders and more than 60 in copper–exposed individuals. Regardless of the type of metal used; these proteins were mainly overexpressed in the hemolymph of the exposed spiders. On the other hand; immunostimulation did not significantly change the number of proteins with altered expression in metal–intoxicated individuals. Hemocyanin (Hc) was found to be the most abundant of the proteins identified with altered expression. In copper–intoxicated spiders; immunostimulation increased the expression of A-; E–; F–; and G–chain–containing proteins; while in the case of cadmium–intoxicates spiders; it decreased the expression of E– and A–chain–containing Hc and increased the expression of G–chain–containing Hc. Regardless of the type of metal and immunostimulant used; there was an increase in the expression of actin. In addition; cadmium increased the expression of cullin; vimentin; and ceruloplasmin. The changes observed in the expression of hemolymph proteins indicate their protective function in S. grossa (Theridiidae) spiders under conditions of metal exposure. © 2022},

note = {2},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85128842423,

title = {Ovaries and testes of Lithobius forficatus (Myriapoda, Chilopoda) react differently to the presence of cadmium in the environment},

author = { I. Poprawa and Ł. Chajec and A. Chachulska-Żymełka and G. Wilczek and S. Student and M. Leśniewska and M.M. Rost-Roszkowska},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85128842423&doi=10.1038%2fs41598-022-10664-4&partnerID=40&md5=8b63d068ae6726dff9844ca0d4a93be1},

doi = {10.1038/s41598-022-10664-4},

issn = {20452322},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Scientific Reports},

volume = {12},

number = {1},

publisher = {Nature Research},

abstract = {Proper reproduction depends on properly functioning gonads (ovaries and testes). Many xenobiotics, including heavy metals, can cause changes in somatic and germ line cells, thus damaging the reproductive capacity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the heavy metal cadmium on the gonads, including germ line and somatic cells. It is important to determine whether cell death processes are triggered in both types of cells in the gonads, and which gonads are more sensitive to the presence of cadmium in the environment. The research was conducted on the soil-dwelling arthropod Lithobius forficatus (Myriapoda; Chilopoda), which is common for European fauna. Animals were cultured in soil supplemented with Cd for different periods (short- and long-term treatment). Gonads were isolated and prepared for qualitative and quantitative analysis, which enabled us to describe all changes which appeared after both the short- and long-term cadmium treatment. The results of our study showed that cadmium affects the structure and ultrastructure of both gonads in soil-dwelling organisms including the activation of cell death processes. However, the male germ line cells are more sensitive to cadmium than female germ line cells. We also observed that germ line cells are protected by the somatic cells of both gonads. © 2022, The Author(s).},

note = {3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85134226759,

title = {Hazards related to the presence of cadmium in food – Studies on the European soil centipede, Lithobius forficatus},

author = { M.M. Rost-Roszkowska and I. Poprawa and Ł. Chajec and A. Chachulska-Żymełka and G. Wilczek and M. Skowronek and S. Student and M. Leśniewska},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85134226759&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2022.157298&partnerID=40&md5=3e44db2c8124fdeab23b618b4495900f},

doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157298},

issn = {00489697},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Science of the Total Environment},

volume = {845},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {The soil is an environment rich in numerous potentially toxic substances/elements when present at elevated concentrations. They can be transported through the successive levels of the trophic chain. Animals living in a contaminated environment or eating contaminated food can accumulate potentially toxic elements in their bodies. One of the potentially toxic metals is cadmium, which accumulates significantly in soils. The aim of our research was to evaluate the changes caused by cadmium supplied with the food administered to invertebrates living in uncontaminated soil. The results were compared with those obtained for animals raised in contaminated soil, where cadmium entered the body via the epidermis. As the material for studies, we chose a common European soil centipede, Lithobius forficatus. Adult specimens were divided into the following experimental groups: C – control animals, Cd12 and Cd45 – animals fed with Chironomus larvae maintained in water containing 80 mg/l CdCl2, for 12 and 45 days, respectively. The material was analyzed using qualitative and quantitative analysis (transmission electron microscopy; confocal microscopy; flow cytometry; atomic absorption spectrometry). Eventually, we can conclude that the digestive system is an effective barrier against the effects of toxic metals on the entire organism, but among the gonads, ovaries are more protected than testes, however, this protection is not sufficient. Accumulation of spherites and mitochondrial alterations are probably involved in survival mechanisms of tissues after Cd intoxication. © 2022},

note = {2},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85137844637,

title = {Hemocompatibile Thin Films Assessed under Blood Flow Shear Forces},

author = { R. Major and G. Wilczek and J. Wiecek and M. Gawlikowski and H. Plutecka and K. Kasperkiewicz and M. Kot and M. Pomorska and R. Ostrowski and M. Kopernik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85137844637&doi=10.3390%2fmolecules27175696&partnerID=40&md5=ec553f2cb1e385bb319b67d9dca65767},

doi = {10.3390/molecules27175696},

issn = {14203049},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Molecules},

volume = {27},

number = {17},

publisher = {MDPI},

abstract = {The aim of this study was to minimize the risk of life-threatening thromboembolism in the ventricle through the use of a new biomimetic heart valve based on metal–polymer composites. Finite volume element simulations of blood adhesion to the material were carried out, encompassing radial flow and the cone and plane test together with determination of the effect of boundary conditions. Both tilt-disc and bicuspid valves do not have optimized blood flow due to their design based on rigid valve materials (leaflet made of pyrolytic carbon). The main objective was the development of materials with specific properties dedicated to contact with blood. Materials were evaluated by dynamic tests using blood, concentrates, and whole human blood. Hemostability tests under hydrodynamic conditions were related to the mechanical properties of thin-film materials obtained from tribological tests. The quality of the coatings was high enough to avoid damage to the coating even as they were exposed up to maximum loading. Analysis towards blood concentrates of the hydrogenated carbon sample and the nitrogen-doped hydrogenated carbon sample revealed that the interaction of the coating with erythrocytes was the strongest. Hemocompatibility evaluation under hydrodynamic conditions confirmed very good properties of the developed coatings. © 2022 by the authors.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85124244211,

title = {Can insecticide-free clean water regenerate the midgut epithelium of the freshwater shrimp after dimethoate treatment?},

author = { A. Ostróżka and Z. Tiffert and G. Wilczek and M.M. Rost-Roszkowska},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85124244211&doi=10.1016%2fj.micron.2021.103162&partnerID=40&md5=8e8f25bae5caedee6ed162aa6f89a051},

doi = {10.1016/j.micron.2021.103162},

issn = {09684328},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Micron},

volume = {155},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Insecticides such as dimethoate persist for a long time in freshwater environments, influencing the physiology of the animals inhabiting such environments. In aquatic organisms, toxic substances can enter the body through the epidermis and the digestive system. The midgut is part of this system in which intense processes constitute a barrier against the effects of toxic substances on the body. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxic potential of dimethoate in the midgut epithelium of the freshwater shrimp Neocaridina davidi, emphasizing ultrastructural alterations. However, the additional and main purpose was to determine whether the midgut epithelium can regenerate after placing animals in insecticide-free clean water after various periods of exposure to dimethoate. N. davidi originates from Asia, but it has also been described in European rivers. This species is of particular interest among breeders worldwide due to its ease of breeding and reproduction. The animals were treated with dimethoate for 1, 2, and 3 weeks and then placed in clean water for 1, 2, and 3 weeks. The qualitative and quantitative analysis revealed different sensitivity of organs forming the midgut in freshwater crustaceans and the possibility for midgut regeneration after insecticide exposure. We concluded that different processes were triggered in the intestine and hepatopancreas to regenerate cells after damage, and mitochondria were the first organelles to respond to the appearance of a stressor in the living environment. © 2021 The Authors},

note = {3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85120968815,

title = {The effect of selected immunostimulants on hemocytes of the false black widow Steatoda grossa (Theridiidae) spiders under chronic exposition to cadmium},

author = { K. Wiśniewska and M.M. Rost-Roszkowska and J. Homa and K. Kasperkiewicz and K. Surmiak-Stalmach and E. Szulińska and G. Wilczek},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85120968815&doi=10.1016%2fj.cbpc.2021.109221&partnerID=40&md5=a540ad597a3ee7233969b92b35b3305d},

doi = {10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109221},

issn = {15320456},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part - C: Toxicology and Pharmacology},

volume = {252},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {The aim of this study was to analyze whether, and to what extent, long–term exposure to cadmium, administered in sublethal concentrations by the oral route, caused changes in the immune potential of hemocytes in adult female Steatoda grossa spiders. We used artificial and natural immunostimulants, namely phorbol 12–myristate 13–acetate (PMA) and bacterial cell suspension based on Gram–positive (G+; Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram–negative (G−; Pseudomonas fluorescens) bacteria, to compare the status of hemocytes in nonstimulated individuals and those subjected to immunostimulation. After cadmium exposure, the percentage of small nongranular hemocytes in response to G+ cell suspension and PMA mitogen was decreased. Furthermore, in the cadmium–intoxicated spiders the percentage of plasmatocytes after immunostimulation remained lower compared to the complementary control group. Exposure to cadmium also induced several degenerative changes, including typical apoptotic and necrotic changes, in the analyzed types of cells. Immunostimulation by PMA mitogen and G+ bacterial suspension resulted in an increase in the number of cisterns in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of granulocytes, in both the control group and cadmium–treated individuals. These changes were accompanied with a low level of metallothioneins in hemolymph. Chronic cadmium exposure may significantly weaken the immune defense system of spiders during infections. © 2021 Elsevier Inc.},

note = {4},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85129880210,

title = {Identification and quantification of fatty acids in hunting web of adult Steatoda grossa (Theridiidae) female spiders},

author = { D. Zimny and M. Patrzałek and T. Kowalska and M. Sajewicz and K. Surmiak-Stalmach and G. Wilczek},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85129880210&doi=10.1556%2f1326.2020.00882&partnerID=40&md5=e77ca172a887ea291dc177e9d6669a7a},

doi = {10.1556/1326.2020.00882},

issn = {20835736},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Acta Chromatographica},

volume = {34},

number = {1},

pages = {71-76},

publisher = {Akademiai Kiado ZRt.},

abstract = {This is the first study on composition of fatty acids in hunting web of Steatoda grossa (Theridiidae) spiders and one of only four similar studies ever made. Its main contribution is a discovery that fatty acids not only cover an outside of the web fibers, but they are even more abundantly represented in the fibers' inner structure. Although little attention has been so far attributed to the contents of fatty acids in spider silks, one has to remember that their biocompatibility combined with an extraordinary tensile strength make them a worth investigating template for material bioengineering studies. © 2020 The Author(s).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85109750684,

title = {Changes in the avascular area of the meniscus using mesenchymal stem cells and growth plate chondrocytes in a pig model},

author = { R. Tomaszewski and M.M. Rost-Roszkowska and G. Wilczek and A. Gap and Ł. Wiktor},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85109750684&doi=10.1111%2fjoa.13508&partnerID=40&md5=abd18f892229d99ef33b1719243ee404},

doi = {10.1111/joa.13508},

issn = {00218782},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Anatomy},

volume = {239},

number = {6},

pages = {1409-1418},

publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Inc},

abstract = {Menisci are wedge-shaped cartilage discs that are divided into two parts: the avascular and vascular regions. They are formed by fibrocartilage tissue, which contains round cartilage-like cells and extracellular matrix. Meniscus injury in animals is a common orthopedic problem, but data on the natural healing process mainly deals with the vascular zone. The healing processes in the avascular zone of the meniscus are significantly limited. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate autologous growth plate chondrocytes' impact on the healing process of a damaged meniscus in the avascular zone based on a growing animal model. The study group consisted of 10 pigs at about three months of age. From each animal, chondrocytes from the iliac growth plate and from concentrated bone marrow were taken. Knee joints were divided into right (R) and left (L). The medial meniscus of the R knee joint was treated with a hyaluronic acid based scaffold incubated with bone marrow cells from marrow aspirates (nCHON). The medial meniscus of the L knee joint was treated with a hyaluronic acid based scaffold incubated with bone marrow cells from marrow aspirates supplemented with immature chondrocytes isolated from growth plates (wCHON). The meniscus was damaged in the avascular zone in both knee joints. Followingly, the damaged part of the meniscus was filled with a scaffold with cells from the concentrated bone marrow and from growth plate chondrocytes. In the control group, a scaffold with concentrated bone marrow cells was used. After three months the animals were euthanized and preparations (microscopic slides) were made from the meniscus' damaged part. A qualitative and quantitative analysis have been prepared. The wCHON group in comparison with the nCHON group showed a statistically significantly higher number of fusiform cells on the surface of the graft as well as better healing of the graft. In addition, the degree of vascularization was higher in specimens from the wCHON group than in the nCHON group. The results of our research on immature pig knees revealed that mesenchymal stem cell and growth plate chondrocytes could be treated as the cell source for meniscus reconstruction, and growth plate chondrocytes enhance healing processes in the avascular zone of the injured meniscus. © 2021 Anatomical Society},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85105631786,

title = {Effects of cadmium on mitochondrial structure and function in different organs: studies on the soil centipede Lithobius forficatus (Myriapoda, Chilopoda)},

author = { M.M. Rost-Roszkowska and I. Poprawa and Ł. Chajec and A. Chachulska-Żymełka and G. Wilczek and P. Wilczek and M. Tarnawska and S. Student and M. Leśniewska},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85105631786&doi=10.1080%2f24750263.2021.1912199&partnerID=40&md5=521cb3648cd8129014a1058fea253b44},

doi = {10.1080/24750263.2021.1912199},

issn = {24750263},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {European Zoological Journal},

volume = {88},

number = {1},

pages = {632-648},

publisher = {Taylor and Francis Ltd.},

abstract = {Mitochondria are organelles that play a crucial role in cell physiology, cell death, and aging. They are among the first responders to different stressors that originate from the environment. Cadmium as a heavy metal affects different levels of body organization: from organs through tissues and cells to organelles. Based on our previous research results, we decided to check how the exposure to cadmium affects the functioning of mitochondria in different organs of soil living centipede Lithobius forficatus. The activity of mitochondria in somatic and germ cells has been analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), confocal microscopy, and flow cytometry. Changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial dismutase (MnSOD) activity in relation to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by cadmium exposure have been studied. Individuals were divided into 3 experimental groups depending on cadmium concentration in soil. Changes in mitochondrial ultrastructure caused by cadmium are tissue-dependent and associated with an increase of ROS levels. The system of ROS and MnSOD activation works more efficiently in the case of gonads than in the digestive system. While the short-term cadmium exposure alters the fine structure of both the somatic and germ-line cells in gonads, the long-term cadmium exposure causes mitochondrial ultrastructure regeneration. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.},

note = {2},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85086015206,

title = {Influence of soil contaminated with cadmium on cell death in the digestive epithelium of soil centipede Lithobius forficatus (Myriapoda, Chilopoda)},

author = { M.M. Rost-Roszkowska and I. Poprawa and Ł. Chajec and A. Chachulska-Żymełka and G. Wilczek and P. Wilczek and S. Student and M. Skowronek and A. Nadgórska-Socha and M. Leśniewska},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85086015206&doi=10.1080%2f24750263.2020.1757168&partnerID=40&md5=58f49682d112d8cec5ea24fe0e5c2b11},

doi = {10.1080/24750263.2020.1757168},

issn = {24750263},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {European Zoological Journal},

volume = {87},

number = {1},

pages = {242-262},

publisher = {Taylor and Francis Ltd.},

abstract = {Cadmium is a heavy metal that is treated as an environmental pollutant (air; water; soil). In order to understand the potential effects of cadmium in soil and soil invertebrates, it is important to describe all alterations which appear at different levels in organisms. The main aim of this study was to investigate, analyze and describe the alterations caused by cadmium short- and long-term intoxication at different levels in the organisms: from tissues to cells and organelles. In addition, the activation of cell death mechanisms that take part in homeostasis maintenance according to cadmium has been studied. Therefore, as the species for this project, a terrestrial and well-known widespread European species–the centipede Lithobius forficatus (Myriapoda; Chilopoda; Lithobiomorpha)–was chosen. This omnivorous species lives under upper layers of soil, under stones, litter, rocks, and leaves, and it is also commonly found in human habitats. The animals were divided into three groups: C–the control group, animals cultured in a horticultural soil; Cd1–animals cultured in a horticultural soil supplemented with 80 mg/kg (dry weight) of CdCl2, 12 days–short-term exposure; Cd2–animals cultured in a horticultural soil supplemented with 80 mg/kg (dry weight) of CdCl2, 45 days–long-term exposure. The midgut was isolated from each specimen and it was prepared for analysis using some histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Our studies showed that short-term intoxication causes intensification of autophagy and digestion of reserve material, while long-term exposure to this heavy metal causes activation of cell death processes together with inhibition of autophagy connected with the lack of reserve material. Additionally, we can infer that autophagy and cell death are nutrient deprivation-induced processes. Finally, we can conclude that short- and long-term exposure of soil centipede to cadmium affects different mechanisms and processes of cell death. © 2020, © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.},

note = {9},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85068519824,

title = {Effect of long-term cadmium and copper intoxication on the efficiency of ampullate silk glands in false black widow Steatoda grossa (Theridiidae) spiders},

author = { G. Wilczek and K. Surmiak and B. Wawszczak and M. Sajewicz and T. Kowalska and P. Sindera and K. Wiśniewska and E. Szulińska},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85068519824&doi=10.1016%2fj.cbpc.2019.108564&partnerID=40&md5=22cba4b0aa5fad142326d2bf465ac3f6},

doi = {10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.108564},

issn = {15320456},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part - C: Toxicology and Pharmacology},

volume = {224},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {The aim of the study was to compare cellular effects of xenobiotic cadmium and biogenic copper in ampullate silk glands of false black widow Steatoda grossa spider after long-term exposure via ingestion under laboratory conditions. Both the level of selected detoxification parameters (glutathione S-transferase; catalase; and the level of total antioxidant capacity) and degree of genotoxic changes (comet assay) were determined in the silk glands. Additionally the contents of selected amino acids (L-Ala; L-Pro; L-His; L-Phe; DL-Ile; and DL-Asn) in the hunting webs produced by spiders of this species were assessed. The ability of S. grossa females to accumulate cadmium was higher than that for copper. Long-term exposure of spiders to copper did not change the level of detoxification parameters, and the level of DNA damage in the cells of ampullate silk glands was also low. Cadmium had a stronger prooxidative and genotoxic effect than copper in the cells of the analyzed silk glands. However, regardless of the type of metal used, no significant changes in the level of amino acids in silk were found. The obtained results confirmed the effectiveness of metal neutralization mechanisms in the body of the studied spider species, which results in the protection of the function of ampullate silk glands. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.},

note = {6},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85057501676,

title = {Evaluation of selected biological properties of the hunting web spider (Steatoda grossa, Theridiidae) in the aspect of short- and long-term exposure to cadmium},

author = { G. Wilczek and J. Karcz and M.M. Rost-Roszkowska and A. Kędziorski and P. Wilczek and M. Skowronek and K. Wiśniewska and F. Kaszuba and K. Surmiak},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85057501676&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2018.11.374&partnerID=40&md5=920625e28f19c9227a0da1dee9ae8325},

doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.374},

issn = {00489697},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Science of the Total Environment},

volume = {656},

pages = {297-306},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {The study aimed at comparing the effects of short- and long-term exposure of Steatoda grossa female spiders to cadmium on the web's architecture, its energy content, and ultrastructure of ampullate glands. Simple food chain model (medium with 0.25 mM CdCl 2 → Drosophila hydei flies → spider (for 4 weeks or 12 months) was used for the exposure. Analysis of Cd content provided evidence that silk fibers of the web are well protected against its incorporation irrespectively of the exposure period. Long-term exposure to cadmium resulted in the occurrence of numerous autophagosomes with degenerated organelles as well as apoptotic and necrotic cells in the ampullate glands. Concurrently; the individual silk fibers building double and multiple combination complexes were significantly thinner than in the control threads. Moreover; exposed spiders spun net with smaller mean calorific value than did the control individuals. Hence; evaluation of both the diameter of silk fibers and calorific value of the web can serve as biomarkers of the effects caused by exposure of these predators to cadmium. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {11},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85074111126,

title = {Relationship between ROS production, MnSOD activation and periods of fasting and re-feeding in freshwater shrimp Neocaridina davidi (Crustacea, Malacostraca)},

author = { A. Włodarczyk and G. Wilczek and P. Wilczek and S. Student and A. Ostróżka and M. Tarnawska and M.M. Rost-Roszkowska},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85074111126&doi=10.7717%2fpeerj.7399&partnerID=40&md5=60bccc587e4acdd09cf38ccdc212914d},

doi = {10.7717/peerj.7399},

issn = {21678359},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {PeerJ},

volume = {2019},

number = {9},

publisher = {PeerJ Inc.},

abstract = {The middle region of the digestive system, the midgut of freshwater shrimp Neocaridina davidi is composed of a tube-shaped intestine and the hepatopancreas formed by numerous caeca. Two types of cells have been distinguished in the intestine, the digestive cells (D-cells) and regenerative cells (R-cells). The hepatopancreatic tubules have three distinct zones distinguished along the length of each tubule-the distal zone with R-cells, the medial zone with differentiating cells, and the proximal zone with F-cells (fibrillar cells) and B-cells (storage cells). Fasting causes activation of cell death, a reduction in the amount of reserve material, and changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential. However, here we present how the concentration of ROS changes according to different periods of fasting and whether re-feeding causes their decrease. In addition, the activation/deactivation of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) was analyzed. The freshwater shrimps Neocaridina davidi (Crustacea; Malacostraca; Decapoda) were divided into experimental groups: animals starved for 14 days, animals re-fed for 4, 7, and 14 days. The material was examined using the confocal microscope and the flow cytometry. Our studies have shown that long-term starvation increases the concentration of free radicals and MnSOD concentration in the intestine and hepatopancreas, while return to feeding causes their decrease in both organs examined. Therefore, we concluded that a distinct relationship between MnSOD concentration, ROS activation, cell death activation and changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential occurred. Copyright © 2019 Włodarczyk et al.},

note = {7},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85037975120,

title = {Effects of food contaminated with cadmium and copper on hemocytes of Steatoda grossa (Araneae: Theridiidae)},

author = { G. Wilczek and K. Wiśniewska and B. Kozina and P. Wilczek and M.M. Rost-Roszkowska and M. Stalmach and M. Skowronek and F. Kaszuba},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85037975120&doi=10.1016%2fj.ecoenv.2017.12.007&partnerID=40&md5=0065fdd37db8fba7fb6784c5cf29e2e3},

doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.12.007},

issn = {01476513},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety},

volume = {149},

pages = {267-274},

publisher = {Academic Press},

abstract = {The aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolic condition of Steatoda grossa (Theridiidae) spider, from their hemocytes, after a short-term (four-week) exposure to cadmium and copper in sublethal doses by administering them into the body of the preys. The ultrastructure of the dominant types of hemocytes, such as granulocytes, plasmatocytes and prohemocytes, was evaluated using transmission electron microscope (TEM). Quantitative evaluation of apoptotic and necrotic cells, as well as the ones with depolarized mitochondria in hemolymph, was performed using flow cytometry, while ATP concentration and ADP/ATP ratio in hemocytes were measured by luminescent methods. Cadmium, unlike copper, demonstrated proapoptotic and pronecrotic activity. Low ATP levels and high ADP/ATP ratio in hemocytes indicate a disturbance in the energy metabolism of cells and may account for their qualitative and quantitative degenerative changes. The intensification of death processes in hemocytes after an exposure to cadmium-contaminated food may impair the ability of these cells to fight infectious diseases. Copper at the applied dosage was safe for the spiders without causing visible changes in the hemocyte ultrastructure and in the level of analyzed cell death indices. © 2017 Elsevier Inc.},

note = {12},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85042708547,

title = {Application of thin-layer chromatography to ecotoxicological study with the steatoda grossa spider web},

author = { M. Michalik and M. Surmacka and M. Stalmach and G. Wilczek and T. Kowalska and M. Sajewicz},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042708547&doi=10.1556%2f1006.2018.31.1.1&partnerID=40&md5=a6c6ecb11013586788f770b8d774bcb6},

doi = {10.1556/1006.2018.31.1.1},

issn = {09334173},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Planar Chromatography - Modern TLC},

volume = {31},

number = {1},

pages = {7-12},

publisher = {Akademiai Kiado Rt.},

abstract = {In the search for biocompatible and biodegradable natural products, much attention of biomedical engineering experts is attracted by spider web (also known as spider silk). Apart from its biocompatibility and biodegradability, the key feature of spider silk is its extraordinary tensile strength, in many cases surpassing that of steel or Kevlar. Although spider silk (unlike that produced by the silk worms) cannot be produced on a mass scale, it can serve as a structural template to be imitated by the organic chemists. The main building blocks of the spider silk proteins, spidroins, are the non-polar and hydrophobic α-amino acids, and the most abundant among them are l-glycine and l-alanine. In this study, we investigated an impact of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) as a toxic anthropogenic environmental pollutant on quantitative levels of glycine, alanine, histidine, and phenylalanine in spider silk produced by the female Steatoda grossa spider kept for the periods of 4 weeks and 12 months, respectively, on cadmium-enriched diet. Quantification of this dietary effect was carried out with the aid of thin-layer chromatography, using silica gel as the stationary phase and 2-bu-tanol-acetone-glacial acetic acid–water, 7:7:2:4 (v/v) as the mobile phase. First, the calibration curves were established for the standards of the four α-amino acids of interest (for glycine; y = 369.8x + 175.9 [r = 0.990]; for alanine; y = 725.8x + 175.3 [r = 0.985]; for histidine; y = 117.7x + 272.4 [r = 0.990]; for phenylalanine; y = 198.0x + 143.0 [r = 0.995]). Then, these four α-amino acids were quantified in the spider webs of the control spiders and those held on the cadmium-enriched diet. With all four α-amino acids of interest, their respective levels were in the range of 100 to 200 μg α-amino acid per 1 mg spider silk. The observed differences between the α-amino acid contents in the control web silk and in those produced by the cadmium fed spiders were rather insignificant and, in most cases, within the range of the experimental error. Thus, a general conclusion was drawn as to an apparent resistance of the S. grossa spider species to the environmental cadmium pollution. © Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest.},

note = {3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85013411146,

title = {The effect of ingested cadmium on the calorific value and structural properties of hunting webs produced by Steatoda grossa (Theridiidae) spiders},

author = { G. Wilczek and J. Karcz and A. Putko and A. Kędziorski and P. Wilczek and M. Stalmach and E. Szulińska},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85013411146&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2017.02.143&partnerID=40&md5=66965df01015a23dde39659aca4caffc},

doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.143},

issn = {00489697},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Science of the Total Environment},

volume = {586},

pages = {1298-1307},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {The study aimed to assess whether cadmium administered via ingestion to Steatoda grossa cobweb spiders (Theridiidae) affects the energy content and selected structural properties of the produced hunting webs. Cadmium content in webs was assessed with AAS and SEM X-ray microanalysis, while the diameters of silk fibers were estimated with SEM. The energy content of samples was measured in an oxygen micro-bomb calorimeter. Females and males showed different reactions to cadmium supplied through food. In comparison to females, males displayed higher metal concentrations in their bodies and hunting webs, however their calorific values and structural features were not significantly changed. Cadmium-treated females spun webs with smaller single-strand diameters and more frequent multi-stranded threads and invested 47% less energy in web production than the control individuals. It cannot be excluded that such a reduction in energy expenditure for web building in females resulted from energetically costly detoxifying reactions triggered in response to direct and indirect effects of cadmium toxicity. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {10},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85015287243,

title = {The effect of starvation and re-feeding on mitochondrial potential in the midgut of Neocaridina davidi (Crustacea, Malacostraca)},

author = { A. Włodarczyk and L. Sonakowska and K. Kamińska and A. Marchewka and G. Wilczek and P. Wilczek and S. Student and M.M. Rost-Roszkowska},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85015287243&doi=10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0173563&partnerID=40&md5=2515bc379b7fb722c49bbc72ba10f29e},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0173563},

issn = {19326203},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {12},

number = {3},

publisher = {Public Library of Science},

abstract = {The midgut in the freshwater shrimp Neocaridina davidi (previously named N. heteropoda) (Crustacea; Malacostraca) is composed of a tube-shaped intestine and a large hepatopancreas that is formed by numerous blind-ended tubules. The precise structure and ultrastructure of these regions were presented in our previous papers, while here we focused on the ultrastructural changes that occurred in the midgut epithelial cells (D-cells in the intestine; Band F- cells in the hepatopancreas) after long-term starvation and re-feeding. We used transmission electron microscopy, light and confocal microscopes and flow cytometry to describe all of the changes that occurred due to the stressor with special emphasis on mitochondrial alterations. A quantitative assessment of cells with depolarized mitochondria helped us to establish whether there is a relationship between starvation, re-feeding and the inactivation/activation of mitochondria. The results of our studies showed that in the freshwater shrimp N. davidi that were analyzed, long-term starvation activates the degeneration of epithelial cells at the ultrastructural level and causes an increase of cells with depolarized (non-active) mitochondria. The process of re-feeding leads to the gradual regeneration of the cytoplasm of the midgut epithelial cells; however, these changes were observed at the ultrastructural level. Additionally, re-feeding causes the regeneration of mitochondrial ultrastructure. Therefore, we can state that the increase in the number of cells with polarized mitochondria occurs slowly and does not depend on ultrastructural alterations. © 2017 Włodarczyk et al.This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.},

note = {17},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84961142729,

title = {Genotoxic effects of starvation and dimethoate in haemocytes and midgut gland cells of wolf spider Xerolycosa nemoralis (Lycosidae)},

author = { G. Wilczek and M. Mędrzak and M. Augustyniak and P. Wilczek and M. Stalmach},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84961142729&doi=10.1016%2fj.envpol.2016.02.037&partnerID=40&md5=11c3eaaf35e46fc51bfbaa698db5c71f},

doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2016.02.037},

issn = {02697491},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Environmental Pollution},

volume = {213},

pages = {370-378},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {The aim of this study was to assess the genotoxic effects of starvation and dimethoate (organophosphate insecticide) in female and male wolf spiders Xerolycosa nemoralis (Lycosidae) exposed to the stressors under laboratory conditions. DNA damage was measured in haemocytes and midgut gland cells using the comet assay. In response to the two stressing factors, both cell types showed %TDNA, tail length (TL) and OTM values higher in males than in females. Level of DNA damage in haemocytes was greater than in midgut gland cells. In both sexes, the strongest genotoxicity was recorded at single application of dimethoate. After five-time exposure to the pesticide, genotoxic effects of a single dose were sustained in males and reduced to the control level in females. Starvation stress was well tolerated by the females, in which neither cell type was affected by DNA damage. However, in male haemocytes food deprivation induced severe DNA damage, what suggests suppression of the defence potential at prolonged starvation periods. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},

note = {10},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84963657771,

title = {Effective activation of antioxidant system by immune-relevant factors reversely correlates with apoptosis of Eisenia andrei coelomocytes},

author = { J. Homa and M. Stalmach and G. Wilczek and E. Kolaczkowska},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84963657771&doi=10.1007%2fs00360-016-0973-5&partnerID=40&md5=aaedc30fd35df4b0b617ff13c194fe50},

doi = {10.1007/s00360-016-0973-5},

issn = {01741578},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology},

volume = {186},

number = {4},

pages = {417-430},

publisher = {Springer Verlag},

abstract = {Oxidative stress is harmful to the microbes but also to the host, and may result in bystander damage or death. Because of this, respiratory burst triggered in phagocytes by pathogens is counteracted by production of antioxidative factors. The aim of this work was to examine effectiveness of the latter system in earthworms Eisenia andrei by induction of reactive oxygen species, lipofuscin and phenoloxidase by natural (LPS; zymosan; Micrococus luteus) and synthetic (phorbol ester; PMA) stimulants. The compounds impaired numbers, viability (increased apoptosis) and composition of coelomocytes, and triggered the antioxidant activity of catalase and selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase. The natural pathogenic compounds, unlike PMA, strongly activated antioxidative responses that diminished cell apoptosis. Moreover, repeated exposure to the same or different pathogenic compounds did not induce respiratory burst exhausted phenotype showing that coelomocytes are constantly at bay to withstand numerous infections. The current study reveals importance and efficiency of the oxidative–antioxidative systems in annelids but also confirms its evolutionary conservatism and complexity even in lower taxa of the animal kingdom. © 2016, The Author(s).},

note = {16},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84958825100,

title = {Cell Death in the Epithelia of the Intestine and Hepatopancreas in Neocaridina heteropoda (Crustacea, Malacostraca)},

author = { L. Sonakowska and A. Włodarczyk and G. Wilczek and P. Wilczek and S. Student and M.M. Rost-Roszkowska},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84958825100&doi=10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0147582&partnerID=40&md5=0c090df410aaa2984d12af4432ce4d17},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0147582},

issn = {19326203},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {11},

number = {2},

publisher = {Public Library of Science},

abstract = {The endodermal region of the digestive system in the freshwater shrimp Neocaridina heteropoda (Crustacea; Malacostraca) consists of a tube-shaped intestine and large hepatopancreas, which is formed by numerous blind-ended tubules. The precise structure and ultrastructure of these regions were presented in our previous studies, while here we focused on the cell death processes and their effect on the functioning of the midgut. We used transmission electron microscopy, light and confocal microscopes to describe and detect cell death, while a quantitative assessment of cells with depolarized mitochondria helped us to establish whether there is the relationship between cell death and the inactivation of mitochondria. Three types of the cell death were observed in the intestine and hepatopancreas- apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. No differences were observed in the course of these processes in males and females and or in the intestine and hepatopancreas of the shrimp that were examined. Our studies revealed that apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy only involves the fully developed cells of the midgut epithelium that have contact with the midgut lumen-D-cells in the intestine and B- and F-cells in hepatopancreas, while E-cells (midgut stem cells) did not die. A distinct correlation between the accumulation of Ecells and the activation of apoptosis was detected in the anterior region of the intestine, while necrosis was an accidental process. Degenerating organelles, mainly mitochondria were neutralized and eventually, the activation of cell death was prevented in the entire epithelium due to autophagy. Therefore, we state that autophagy plays a role of the survival factor. © 2016 Sonakowska et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.},

note = {28},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84920762219,

title = {Biomechanical properties of hybrid heart valve prosthesis utilizing the pigs that do not express the galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-Gal) antigen derived tissue and tissue engineering technique},

author = { P. Wilczek and A. Lesiak and A. Niemiec-Cyganek and B. Kubin and R. Slomski and J. Nozynski and G. Wilczek and A. Mzyk and M. Gramatyka},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84920762219&doi=10.1007%2fs10856-014-5329-7&partnerID=40&md5=d8cd427fbf398112265d76952cf680f7},

doi = {10.1007/s10856-014-5329-7},

issn = {09574530},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine},

volume = {26},

number = {1},

pages = {1-11},

publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},

abstract = {The aim of the study was to estimate the biomechanical properties of heart valves conduit derived from transgenic pigs to determine the usefulness for the preparation of tissue-engineered heart valves. The acellular aortic and pulmonary valve conduits from transgenic pigs were used to estimate the biomechanical properties of the valve. Non-transgenic porcine heart valve conduits were used as a reference. The biomechanics stability of acellular valve conduits decreased both for the transgenic and non-transgenic porcine valves. The energy required to break the native pulmonary valve derived from transgenic pigs was higher (20;475 ± 7;600 J m−2) compared with native non-transgenic pigs (12;140 ± 5;370 J m−2). After acellularization, the energy to break the valves decreased to 14,600 and 8,800 J m−2 for the transgenic pulmonary valve and non-transgenic valve, respectively. The native transgenic pulmonary valve showed a higher extensibility (42.70 %) than the non-transgenic pulmonary valve (35.50 %); the extensibility decreased after acellularization to 41.1 and 31.5 % for the transgenic and non-transgenic valves, respectively. The pulmonary valves derived from transgenic pigs demonstrate better biomechanical properties compared with non-transgenic. Heart valves derived from transgenic pigs can be valuable for the preparation of tissue-engineered bioprostheses, because of their biomechanical properties, stability, reduced immune response, making them safer for clinical applications. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media New York.},

note = {7},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84939833385,

title = {Antioxidative and immunological responses in the haemolymph of wolf spider Xerolycosa nemoralis (Lycosidae) exposed to starvation and dimethoate},

author = { M. Stalmach and G. Wilczek and J. Homa and E. Szulińska},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84939833385&doi=10.1016%2fj.envpol.2015.08.007&partnerID=40&md5=b124d047f71aab14f3d9422888ec39e8},

doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2015.08.007},

issn = {02697491},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Environmental Pollution},

volume = {206},

pages = {551-559},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {The aim of this study was to assess the intensity of enzymatic antioxidative parameters [catalase (CAT); glutathione peroxidase (GSTPx); glutathione reductase (GR); total antioxidant capacity (TAC)] and percentage of high granularity cells as well as low to medium granularity cells in haemolymph of wolf spiders Xerolycosa nemoralis exposed to starvation and dimethoate under laboratory conditions. Only in starved males, haemolymph included a lower percentage of high granularity cells, accompanied by high activity of CAT and GSTPx, than in the control. Exposure of males to dimethoate increased CAT activity, after single application, and significantly enhanced GR activity, after five-time application. In females, five-time contact with dimethoate elevated the percentage of high granularity cells. As in comparison to females, male X. nemoralis were more sensitive to the applied stressing factors, it may be concluded that in natural conditions both food deficiency and chemical stress may diminish the immune response of their organisms. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.},

note = {9},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84918815852,

title = {DNA damage in haemocytes and midgut gland cells of Steatoda grossa (Theridiidae) spiders exposed to food contaminated with cadmium},

author = { M. Stalmach and G. Wilczek and P. Wilczek and M. Skowronek and M. Mędrzak},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84918815852&doi=10.1016%2fj.ecoenv.2014.12.023&partnerID=40&md5=9f2229500bdec48a64c453cf604c9f27},

doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.12.023},

issn = {01476513},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety},

volume = {113},

pages = {353-361},

publisher = {Academic Press},

abstract = {The aim of this study was to assess the genotoxic effects of Cd on haemocytes and midgut gland cells of web-building spiders, Steatoda grossa (Theridiidae), exposed to the metal under laboratory conditions. Analyzes were conducted on adult females and males, fed for four weeks with cadmium-contaminated Drosophila hydei flies, grown on a medium suplemented with 0.25mM CdCl2. The comet assay, providing a quantitative measure of DNA strand breaks, was used to evaluate the DNA damage caused by the metal. Cadmium content was measured in whole spider bodies by the AAS method. Metal body burden was significantly lower in females (0.25μgg-1 dry weight) than in males (3.03μgg-1 dry weight), suggesting that females may have more effective mechanisms controlling the uptake of metal, via the digestive tract, or its elimination from the body. Irrespectively of sex, spiders fed prey contaminated with cadmium showed significantly higher values of comet parameters: tail DNA (TDNA), tail length (TL) and olive tail moment (OTM), in comparison with the control. In midgut gland cells, the level of DNA damage was higher for males than females, while in haemocytes the genotoxic effect of cadmium was greater in females. The obtained results indicate that in spiders cadmium displays strong genotoxic effects and may cause DNA damage even at low concentrations, however the severity of damage seems to be sex- and internal organ-dependent.The comet assay can be considered a sensitive tool for measuring the deleterious effect of cadmium on DNA integrity in spiders. © 2014 Elsevier Inc.},

note = {28},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84908573895,

title = {X-ray microtomography for imaging of developing spiders inside egg cocoons},

author = { A. Babczyńska and M. Binkowski and A.W. Bednarek and S. Ogierman and D. Cibura and P. Migula and G. Wilczek and E. Szulińska},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84908573895&doi=10.1016%2fj.asd.2014.09.002&partnerID=40&md5=8f57e2706ecf9e444ced1c2efa9f0a1c},

doi = {10.1016/j.asd.2014.09.002},

issn = {14678039},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Arthropod Structure and Development},

volume = {43},

number = {6},

pages = {595-603},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Embryogenesis is especially sensitive to external factors. The changes in its course are often used as biomarkers of environmental impact. Since spider embryogenesis takes place inside cocoons, it is crucial to find a reliable tool to analyze this developmental phase with no intrusion into the cocoons. The aim of this study was to verify the efficacy of X-ray microtomography for non-invasive analysis of embryonic morphology and egg quantity in the cocoons of Xerolycosa nemoralis and Agelena labyrinthica from polluted and reference sites. X-ray microtomography slice images as well as 3D images and animations obtained from digital visualization of those slides were used to study the morphology of embryos and egg arrangement in the cocoons. Any disorders in embryogenesis or malformation of embryos in relation to site of origin have not been found, but inside an egg cocoon of X.nemoralis from the polluted site embryos differing form each other by one developmental stage were identified. Egg calculation revealed a K- reproductive strategy of X.nemoralis from polluted sites. Finally, future prospects and benefits, and weaknessess of this method for the study of spider cocoons have presented. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.},

note = {1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84908457078,

title = {Age-related changes in biomechanical properties of transgenic porcine pulmonary and aortic conduits},

author = { P. Wilczek and Z. Malota and A. Lesiak and A. Niemiec-Cyganek and B. Kubin and R. Slomski and J. Nozynski and G. Wilczek and A. Mzyk and M. Gramatyka and J. Opiela},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84908457078&doi=10.1088%2f1748-6041%2f9%2f5%2f055006&partnerID=40&md5=53e6f8c3542e8c0b4f47f75bb46d954a},

doi = {10.1088/1748-6041/9/5/055006},

issn = {17486041},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Biomedical Materials (Bristol)},

volume = {9},

number = {5},

publisher = {Institute of Physics Publishing},

abstract = {The limitations associated with conventional valve prosthesis have led to a search for alternatives. One potential approach is tissue engineering. Most tissue engineering studies have described the biomechanical properties of heart valves derived from adult pigs. However, because one of the factors affecting the function of valve prosthesis after implantation is appropriate sizing for a given patient, it is important to evaluate the usefulness of a heart valve given the donor animal's weight and age. The aim of this study was to evaluate how the age of a pig can influence the biomechanical and hemodynamical properties of porcine heart valve prosthesis after acellularization. Acellular porcine aortic and pulmonary valve conduits were used. Hearts were harvested from animals differing in weight and age. The biomechanical properties of the valves were then characterized using a uniaxial tensile test. Moreover, computer simulations based on the finite element method (FEM) were used to study the influence of biomechanical properties on the hemodynamic conditions. Studying biomechanical and morphological changes in porcine heart valve conduits according to the weight and age of the animals can be valuable for developing age-targeted therapy using tissue engineering techniques. © 2014 IOP Publishing Ltd.},

note = {2},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84893176120,

title = {Apoptotic and necrotic changes in the midgut glands of the wolf spider Xerolycosa nemoralis (Lycosidae) in response to starvation and dimethoate exposure},

author = { G. Wilczek and M.M. Rost-Roszkowska and P. Wilczek and A. Babczyńska and E. Szulińska and L. Sonakowska and M. Marek-Swedzioł},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84893176120&doi=10.1016%2fj.ecoenv.2013.09.034&partnerID=40&md5=b3fbd74af84e674bc32ed8f57abf0e60},

doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.09.034},

issn = {01476513},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety},

volume = {101},

number = {1},

pages = {157-167},

abstract = {In the present study, the intensity of degenerative changes (apoptosis; necrosis) in the cells of the midgut glands of male and female wolf spiders, Xerolycosa nemoralis (Lycosidae), exposed to natural (starvation) and anthropogenic (the organophosphorous pesticide dimethoate) stressors under laboratory conditions were compared. The spiders were collected from two differentially polluted sites, both located in southern Poland: Katowice-Welnowiec, which is heavily polluted with metals, and Pilica, the reference site. Starvation and dimethoate treatment resulted in enhancement of apoptotic and necrotic changes in the midgut glands of the spiders. The frequency of degenerative changes in starving individuals was twice as high as in the specimens intoxicated with dimethoate. The percentage of apoptotic and necrotic cells was higher in starving males than in starving females. A high intensity of necrotic changes, together with increased Cas-3 like activity and a greater percentage of cells with depolarized mitochondria, were typical of starving males from the polluted site. The cell death indices observed in females depended more strongly on the type of stressor than on previous preexposure to pollutants. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.},

note = {28},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84872858970,

title = {Antioxidative responses in females and males of the spider Xerolycosa nemoralis (Lycosidae) exposed to natural and anthropogenic stressors},

author = { G. Wilczek and A. Babczyńska and P. Wilczek},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84872858970&doi=10.1016%2fj.cbpc.2012.10.005&partnerID=40&md5=572a7a482f2917003715d1a6fcbbb7e5},

doi = {10.1016/j.cbpc.2012.10.005},

issn = {15320456},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - C Toxicology and Pharmacology},

volume = {157},

number = {2},

pages = {119-131},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {The aim of this study was to assess the intensity of enzymatic antioxidative parameters [i.e.; superoxide dismutase (SOD); catalase (CAT); and the glutathione peroxidases each selene dependent; GPOX or selene independent; including GSTPx; glutathione S-transferase; and GST] and non-enzymatic antioxidative parameters [i.e.; glutathione total (GSH-t); the heat shock proteins of Hsp70; and metallothioneins (Mt)] in the midgut glands of female and male wolf spiders Xerolycosa nemoralis (Lycosidae) exposed to natural stressors (i.e.; heat shock and starvation) and anthropogenic stressors (i.e.; the organophosphorous pesticide dimethoate) under laboratory conditions. The spiders were collected from two differentially polluted sites both localized in southern Poland: Olkusz, which is heavily polluted with metals, and Pilica, the reference site. In response to the stressing factors, increases in Hsp70 levels, in the concentrations of total glutathione and in the activity levels of glutathione-dependent enzymes (GPOX; GSTPx; and GST) were found in the midgut glands of males. In the females, high levels of activity of CAT and SOD were revealed, as well as an increased percentage of Mt-positive cells. Preexposed females, in comparison to the individuals from the reference site, responded with increased SOD activity, irrespective of the stressing factor. In contrast, the changes in the antioxidative parameters in the midgut glands of male X. nemoralis seem to reflect a short-term reaction to the applied stressors and do not confirm the effects of long-term selection in a polluted environment. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.},

note = {23},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84864504690,

title = {The reproductive potential of the spiders Agelena labyrinthica and Xerolycosa nemoralis from areas contaminated with metals},

author = { A. Babczyńska and G. Wilczek and E. Szulińska and A. Kędziorski and I. Franiel and P. Migula},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84864504690&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2012.06.102&partnerID=40&md5=79b4edc840dd10b8ed2c4b4feb3386e5},

doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.102},

issn = {00489697},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Science of the Total Environment},

volume = {435-436},

pages = {374-379},

abstract = {Spiders successfully colonize industrially contaminated environments and maintain relatively stable populations. The aim of this study was to explain the reproductive strategies of two spider species, Xerolycosa nemoralis (an actively hunting; sit-and-pursue predator) and Agelena labyrinthica (a web. -building; sit-and-wait predator), between contaminated and uncontaminated sites. Spiders were collected from a reference site (Pilica) and two contaminated sites (Olkusz and Welnowiec). The amount of energy allocated to the eggs and the number of eggs and hatchlings as well as the hatching success were compared. Wolf spiders from the contaminated sites produced fewer but relatively energy-rich eggs, whereas web-building spiders invested their energy in the production of a higher number of less energy-rich eggs. The comparisons of the hatching percentages suggested that in the contaminated habitats, X. nemoralis achieve a hatching success similar to or higher than that of the reference population at Pilica. A. labyrinthica in the contaminated sites invested a larger amount of energy in eggs than at the reference site, but the hatching success found for this species in the contaminated areas was lower than that found at the reference site. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {10},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-79961129533,

title = {Quantitative immunodetection of metallothioneins in relation to metals concentration in spiders from variously polluted areas},

author = { A. Babczyńska and G. Wilczek and E. Szulińska and I. Franiel},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79961129533&doi=10.1016%2fj.ecoenv.2011.05.019&partnerID=40&md5=5f2442c3abb029fe1da769a9913cbba8},

doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.05.019},

issn = {01476513},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety},

volume = {74},

number = {6},

pages = {1498-1503},

abstract = {Spiders inhabiting post industrial environments, such as waste heaps or ore-bearing areas, are exposed to high concentrations of metals, accumulated in the body of their prey and transferred along food chains. Therefore spiders are pressed to develop metal-neutralization strategies. Low-molecular, multifunction proteins: metallothioneins (MTs), often postulated as biomarkers of metal exposure, are known to bind metals and thus protect organisms against their toxic effects. Yet the proteins are still not well recognized in spiders. The aim of this study was to assess, by immunodetection method, ELISA, the concentration of metallothioneins in adult females of three web building spider species: Araneus diadematus (Araneidae), Agelena labyrinthica (Agelenidae) and Linyphia triangularis (Linyphiidae) from three variously polluted areas in southern Poland: Olkusz, ore-bearing post industrial site; Katowice-Welnowiec: post metallurgic waste heap, Pilica: the reference, rural, area. The concentration of metallothioneins has been analyzed in relation to the metal concentration in spiders body. The study gives the evidence that metallothioneins are reliably detectable by means of ELISA technique. The analysis of results obtained shows a strong species-dependence of the MTs level. Positive correlations between MTs concentration and metal body burden (mainly Zn and Pb) were found. This suggests that the proteins play an important role in the neutralization and regulation of metal ions in spiders. The same correlation indicate the possibility to consider MTs in spiders as biomarkers of metal exposure and effects. However, the species specificity as well as metal characteristics should be taken under account. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.},

note = {20},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-79960955274,

title = {Metallothioneins and energy budget indices in cadmium and copper exposed spiders Agelena labyrinthica in relation to their developmental stage, gender and origin},

author = { A. Babczyńska and G. Wilczek and P. Wilczek and E. Szulińska and I. Witas},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79960955274&doi=10.1016%2fj.cbpc.2011.05.001&partnerID=40&md5=48cd98709a9efeedcae519104b3090ec},

doi = {10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.05.001},

issn = {15320456},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - C Toxicology and Pharmacology},

volume = {154},

number = {3},

pages = {161-171},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {The aim of our studies was to explain the role of metallothioneins (MTs) in the neutralization of excessive amounts of metals (essential: copper (Cu) and toxic: cadmium (Cd)) and to describe the energy status in metal-exposed spiders Agelena labyrinthica in relation to its developmental stage, gender and origin. Juvenile, female and male spiders were collected from three variously polluted habitats, transferred to the laboratory and exposed to the metals in their diet. Cu and Cd accumulation in the body and exuviae, bioaccumulation factor, percentage of metallothionein positive cells, MT concentration, percentage of cells with depolarized mitochondria, ATP concentration and ADP/ATP ratio were measured and calculated. Cu appeared to be regulated and its excess is eliminated via, among others, the molting process, while Cd was rather accumulated by the spiders. The level of MTs increased significantly mainly in females exposed to both metals, irrespectively of the pollution degree of their site of origin, indicating a defensive role of the proteins. In general, even if both the MT level and the energy status indices were positively correlated with Cd and Cu concentrations in the spider body, the energy status of A. labyrinthica did not seem disturbed. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.},

note = {33},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-40849116693,

title = {Cellular stress reactions assessed by gender and species in spiders from areas variously polluted with heavy metals},

author = { G. Wilczek and A. Babczyńska and P. Wilczek and B. Doleżych and P. Migula and H. Młyńska},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-40849116693&doi=10.1016%2fj.ecoenv.2007.03.005&partnerID=40&md5=05ab816a03fa5acda3d8618e5a5537e9},

doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.03.005},

issn = {01476513},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety},

volume = {70},

number = {1},

pages = {127-137},

abstract = {In the funnel web spider Agelena labyrinthica (Agelenidae; A. l.), sheet web spider Linyphia triangularis (Linyphiidae; L. t.) and wolf spider Xerolycosa nemoralis (Lycosidae; X. n.) from two differently polluted meadow sites in southern Poland, we studied the relations between antioxidant parameters (glutathione; GSH; glutathione peroxidases; GPOX; GSTPx; catalase; CAT; stress proteins-Hsp70; metallothioneins Mts), the intensity of apoptosis and necrosis, and heavy metal burdens of the midgut gland. Cellular reactions against stress caused by pollutants seemed to be sex-dependent. The concentrations of Zn and Cu in the midgut glands of male A. l. and X. n. were more than double that of the females, from both study sites. In male spiders from the heavily polluted site, both negative correlations (activity of caspase-3-like proteins vs Cu; Zn concentration; number of depolarized mitochondria vs Cu concentration) and positive correlations (number of necrotic cells vs Cu concentrations; activity of CAT vs Zn ) were noted. The defense of males against high metal content and its prooxidative effects is based mainly on GSH and CAT. In females the antioxidative reactions are species-specific and depend mainly on high peroxidase activity and on stress protein level. The increase in the number of apoptotic cells in the midgut gland of female spiders from the heavily polluted site suggests the defensive role of this process in maintaining the proper functioning of this organ. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},

note = {45},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-33749259849,

title = {Effects of dimethoate on spiders from metal pollution gradient},

author = { A. Babczyńska and G. Wilczek and P. Migula},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33749259849&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2006.06.024&partnerID=40&md5=a2554da009193314ea2ea8a0cf4914fc},

doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.06.024},

issn = {00489697},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-01-01},

journal = {Science of the Total Environment},

volume = {370},

number = {2-3},

pages = {352-359},

abstract = {In this study, an attempt has been made to assess whether a chronic exposure to metals in habitats under a strong industrial pressure might have equipped spiders with biochemical defensive mechanisms enabling them to survive an additional chemical stress. To check this, non-web-building wolf spiders Pardosa lugubris (Lycosidae) and funnel web Agelena labyrinthica (Agelenidae) were collected at five variously polluted meadows and, under laboratory conditions, intoxicated with either single or multiple dose of dimethoate (OP pesticide). Then the activities of detoxifying (carboxylesterase: CarE; glutathione S-transferase: GST), antioxidative (selene-dependent and selene-independent glutathione peroxidases: GPOX and GSTPx) enzymes as well as acetylcholinesterase as a biomarker of exposure to OP pesticides were measured. In web-building A. labyrinthica, even a single application of the pesticide caused the inhibition of CarE, GSTPx and GPOX in individuals from less polluted sites and AChE and GST in specimens pre-exposed to high metal concentrations. Multiple intoxication, irrespectively of the site, caused significant, in comparison to controls, decrease in CarE, AChE and GSTPx activities. Actively hunting P. lugubris seem more resistant to acute pesticide intoxication, since the spiders from each site had a constant level of GST and AChE. In individuals of this species from heavily polluted sites, the inhibition caused by multiple intoxication with dimethoate was stated only for glutathione peroxidases. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},

note = {22},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-28444460710,

title = {Body burdens of metals in spiders from the Lidice coal dump near Ostrava (Czech Republic)},

author = { G. Wilczek and A. Babczyńska and Z. Majkus},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-28444460710&partnerID=40&md5=bfd0aaa6a6a7993b072a884d0b292f9a},

issn = {13356380},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

journal = {Biologia - Section Zoology},

volume = {60},

number = {5},

pages = {599-605},

abstract = {Spiders' feeding behaviour and external digestion expose them to man-made pollutants, especially those easily transferred along the food chain. The problem for this study was whether the levels of heavy metals in selected species of spiders from the Lidice coal dump reflect adaptation to environmental pollutants. We used flameless and flame AAS to measure the whole-body concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni and Mg in male and female spiders differing in their hunting strategies, type of web construction, prey, and taxonomic position (Araneidae; Agelenidae; Linyphiidae; Theridiidae; Tetragnathidae; Lycosidae; Salticidae; Pisauridae; Clubionidae; Philodromidae). The levels of metals found in the spiders were species-dependent, indicating differences related to the hunting strategy and type of prey. Accumulation of Pb, Cu and Zn was always higher in ground spiders than in web-constructing species. Sheet-web spiders Linyphia triangularis and wandering spiders Clubiona lutescens had the lowest Cd, Mg and Cu content of all the studied species. Web-building spiders of the Tetragnathidae family showed the highest Cd, Cu and Pb content, even in species with feeding behaviour similar to spiders of other families. There were no interspecific differences in accumulation only for Fe and Mg. The concentrations of Cd, Ni and Pb were lower in females than in males, irrespective of their taxonomic position and the intensity of their hunting activity. This may suggest that females have better metal-excretion ability than males.},

note = {13},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-27744505338,

title = {Joint effects of dimethoate and heavy metals on metabolic responses in a grasshopper (Chorthippus brunneus) from a heavy metals pollution gradient},

author = { M. Augustyniak and A. Babczyńska and P. Migula and G. Wilczek and P. Łaszczyca and A. Kafel and M.G. Augustyniak},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-27744505338&doi=10.1016%2fj.cbpc.2005.09.007&partnerID=40&md5=1761544f1ffb0849417b3d03dcae3174},

doi = {10.1016/j.cbpc.2005.09.007},

issn = {15320456},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

journal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - C Toxicology and Pharmacology},

volume = {141},

number = {4},

pages = {412-419},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {We studied how an exposure to an additional stressing factor-dimethoate, might affect detoxifying ability of grasshoppers collected at 5 meadow sites located along a heavy metal pollution gradient. Activities of esterases and enzymes linked with glutathione (GSH) metabolism were assayed 24 h after topical treatment with 0.32 μg dimethoate per insect. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reaches nearly 50% of the value stated in untreated insects, without significant site-dependent differences. The pesticide also caused a significant decrease in activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) followed by a decrease in GSH levels in grasshoppers from all assayed groups, demonstrating high sensitivity of glutathione-dependent metabolism to the additional stressing factor. In the case of glutathione reductase (GR) and carboxylesterases (CarE) the fall of activity was shown especially in insects from less polluted meadows and the reference site. Glutathione reductase (GR) activity in individuals treated with dimethoate did not decrease only in insects from the most contaminated site I. This might suggest the trade-off mechanisms adapting grasshoppers to life in seriously polluted environments. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},

note = {33},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-25144492022,

title = {Apoptosis and biochemical biomarkers of stress in spiders from industrially polluted areas exposed to high temperature and dimethoate},

author = { G. Wilczek},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-25144492022&doi=10.1016%2fj.cca.2005.06.007&partnerID=40&md5=d94a19a1ecec588f8edf9eef70955590},

doi = {10.1016/j.cca.2005.06.007},

issn = {15320456},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

journal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - C Toxicology and Pharmacology},

volume = {141},

number = {2},

pages = {194-206},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {The aim of this study was to evaluate the relations between apoptosis and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase; catalase) and quantitative changes in stress protein positive cells (Hsp70; metallothionein) in midgut glands of funnel web spiders Agelena labyrinthica (Agelenidae) and wolf spiders Pardosa lugubris (Lycosidae) exposed to high temperature and pesticide under laboratory conditions. The spiders were collected from two meadow ecosystems differently polluted with metals (Olkusz and Pilica; southern Poland). Under stress conditions, P. lugubris had fewer apoptotic cells in the midgut glands than A. labyrinthica. In P. lugubris from both sites, the observed increase in the percentage of metallothionein and Hsp70-positive cells, simultaneous with intensification of superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, suggests an anti-apoptotic function of those proteins in representatives of wandering spiders. In the midgut glands of A. labyrinthica, heat shock and dimethoate increased the number of Annexin V-positive cells as well as the amounts of mitochondria with low transmembrane potential (ΔΨ m) versus the control. The changes in the percentage of MT- and Hsp70-positive cells in funnel web spiders were less than in wolf spiders. The absence of change in SOD and CAT activity in A. labyrinthica shows that the participation of those enzymes in antioxidant reactions is minimal in this species. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},

note = {40},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-4344637322,

title = {Relations between metals (Zn, Pb, Cd and Cu) and glutathione-dependent detoxifying enzymes in spiders from a heavy metal pollution gradient},

author = { G. Wilczek and A. Babczyńska and M. Augustyniak and P. Migula},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-4344637322&doi=10.1016%2fj.envpol.2004.05.011&partnerID=40&md5=5cf2272bd3dc7414893acc61eaa86648},

doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2004.05.011},

issn = {02697491},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-01-01},

journal = {Environmental Pollution},

volume = {132},

number = {3},

pages = {453-461},

abstract = {We studied the relations between glutathione-dependent detoxifying enzymes and heavy metal burdens in the web-building spider Agelena labyrinthica (Agelenidae) and the wolf spider Pardosa lugubris (Lycosidae) from five meadow sites along a heavy metal pollution gradient. We assayed the activity of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidases (GPOX; GSTPx), and glutathione (GSH) levels in both sexes. Except for GSH vs Pb content, we found significant correlations between GPOX and GSTPx activity and metal concentrations in females of A. labyrinthica. The highest activity of these enzymes measured in the web-building spiders was found in the individuals from the most polluted sites. In P. lugubris males significant correlations were found between GST and Pb and Zn concentrations, and between GPOX and GSTPx and the concentration of Cu. GST activity was higher in males collected from less polluted areas. Thus, detoxifying strategies against pollutants seemed to be sex-dependent. Actively hunting spiders had higher metal concentrations, maintaining lower activity of detoxifying enzymes and a lower glutathione level. Glutathione-linked enzyme activity in spiders from polluted areas depends on hunting strategy and sex. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},

note = {74},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-10044240191,

title = {Antioxidative defence enzymes in beetles from a metal pollution gradient},

author = { P. Migula and P. Łaszczyca and M. Augustyniak and G. Wilczek and K. Rozpędek and A. Kafel and M. Wołoszyn},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-10044240191&partnerID=40&md5=a309d39f85323f5fcc87cca33f05e9d3},

issn = {13356380},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-01-01},

journal = {Biologia - Section Zoology},

volume = {59},

number = {5},

pages = {645-654},

abstract = {Oxidative stress in insects may result from an imbalance of oxidants and antioxidants under a significant impact of metals. We studied variation in antioxidant enzyme activity in four species of beetles representing carnivores, carrion eaters, omnivores and phytophages in response to heavy metal pollution. Insects were collected at five forest sites along a gradient of heavy metal pollution in southern Poland. Assayed activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), Se-dependent (GPOX) and Se-independent (GSTP) glutathione peroxidases and catalase (CAT) correlated with metal pollution levels and body concentrations of metals (Pb; Zn; Cu; Cd). Antioxidative enzyme activity patterns were species-dependent and were correlated with the levels of metal pollution or the body loads of metals. Correlations were predominantly positive in the case of Pb and Cd, and both positive and negative in the case of Zn. The largest difference between species was in the GST activity of the carnivorous Pterostichus oblongopunctatus and the phytophagous Phyllobius betulae. Activity of GSH-dependent peroxidases and GR was low in most of the species studied. Beetles from metal-contaminated sites showed higher within-species variance of enzyme activity, probably due to their higher polymorphism of antioxidative enzymes.},

note = {51},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-2942670066,

title = {Profiles of enzymatic activity in earthworms from zinc, lead and cadmium polluted areas near Olkusz (Poland)},

author = { P. Łaszczyca and M. Augustyniak and A. Babczyńska and K. Bednarska and A. Kafel and P. Migula and G. Wilczek and I. Witas},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-2942670066&doi=10.1016%2fj.envint.2004.02.006&partnerID=40&md5=fb1bf084ee1cffc308a2059a62a4a95c},

doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2004.02.006},

issn = {01604120},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-01-01},

journal = {Environment International},

volume = {30},

number = {7},

pages = {901-910},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {The aim of the study was to determine whether there are signs of adaptation of soil fauna to a gradient of heavy metal contamination. Earthworms Aporrectodea caliginosa, Lumbricus terrestris and Eisenia fetida were collected during the spring and summer of 2000 and 2001 from meadow sites situated between 2 and 32 km from the Bukowno-Olkusz complex of zinc-lead ore mines and smelters. The heavy metal content in the soil near smelters reaches 10,500 mg/kg (d.w.) for Zn, 2600 mg/kg for Pb and 81.9 mg/kg for Cd. The sites differ with respect to species composition of earthworm community, with A. caliginosa being dominant. Complete data was obtained only for A. caliginosa, since other species were not abundant at all investigated sites during the whole period of investigation. The body burdens of Zn, Pb, Cd and Cu in A. caliginosa reached 1500, 100, 220 and 10 μg/g, respectively, in the vicinity of the smelter (2-4 km), and decreased to 400, 2, 36 and 6 μg/g at the most distant site (32 km). Cadmium and lead content was significantly elevated in the whole body of L. terrestris collected at the site 2.5 km distant from the smelters when compared to more distant sites, while in E. fetida only the body burden of cadmium was elevated at the nearest site compared to the next site of transect. Activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPX; EC 1.11.1.9) against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or cumene hydroperoxide (cumOOH), glutathione reductase (GR; EC 1.6.4.2), glutathione S-transferase (GST; EC 2.5.1.18) and catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6) were assayed in postmitochondrial supernatant obtained from whole body homogenates. Seasonal and annual variations of enzyme activity were reflected by higher GPX activity in the late summer of 2001 in comparison with the spring and summer of 2000. This may reflect severe drought in the spring and summer of 2000. The activity of both GPX isozymes, GR and GST in A. caliginosa and L. terrestris increased with increasing distance from the smelters and reached maximum at sites III and IV (4 and 8 km from the smelters; respectively) and then it decreased in the animals from site V (32 km). These may be the effects of antagonism between the enzyme inducing and enzyme inhibiting action of smelter emissions, a phenomenon known as a hormetic effect. It is postulated here that this effect is of diagnostic value for metal pollution biomonitoring. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},

note = {113},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-0942267408,

title = {Activity of esterases as biomarkers of metal exposure in spiders from the metal pollution gradient},

author = { G. Wilczek and A. Babczyńska and P. Migula and B. Wencelis},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0942267408&partnerID=40&md5=73f0007f55cd1d342f3b0e64b38c8ef8},

issn = {12301485},

year  = {2003},

date = {2003-01-01},

journal = {Polish Journal of Environmental Studies},

volume = {12},

number = {6},

pages = {765-771},

abstract = {Spiders were studied as predators of the invertebrate epigeic fauna inhabiting forest and grassland ecosystems variously polluted with metals. The response of detoxifying enzymes in adult male and female spiders (a wolf spider Pardosa lugubris and a funnel weaver Agelena labyrinthica) was compared using material collected at five sites in forest and grassland transects along the metal pollution gradient. Carboxylesterases, acetylcholinesterase and metal concentrations were assayed in spiders during the season. In both species at the most polluted sites of forest and meadow transects CarE activity was higher. These animals effectively used quantitative compensatory strategy against pollutants, which demands extra energy. Comparisons between species showed a better adaptation to pollutants in the ground wolf spiders. In these animals from polluted meadows AChE activity was also higher than that in agelenids.},

note = {33},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-0242668885,

title = {Activity of carboxylesterase and glutathione S-transferase in different life-stages of carabid beetle (Poecilus cupreus) exposed to toxic metal concentrations},

author = { G. Wilczek and P. Kramarz and A. Babczyńska},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0242668885&doi=10.1016%2fS1532-0456%2803%2900039-5&partnerID=40&md5=4cfe51a546593b707e7ad59734901d70},

doi = {10.1016/S1532-0456(03)00039-5},

issn = {15320456},

year  = {2003},

date = {2003-01-01},

journal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - C Toxicology and Pharmacology},

volume = {134},

number = {4},

pages = {501-512},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {Among the cytoplasmatic enzymes responsible for neutralization of organic xenobiotics, carboxylesterases (CarE) and glutathione S-transferases (GST) play important roles. Our study tested to what extent dietary Zn or Cd could modify the activity of CarE and GST at different life-stages of the carabid beetle Poecilus cupreus. Treatment and stage effects generally were statistically significant. For CarE activity in the beetles exposed to cadmium, only treatment was a significant factor. In all cases, the interaction between studied factors was statistically significant, implying that the physiological condition of the animals may enhance or reduce enzyme activity. We also observed differences between animals treated with cadmium and zinc in the pattern of enzyme activity, and a difference in GST activity measured with two different substrates. Our results confirmed that in studying enzyme activity under metal stress one should consider the animal's life-stage and sex. © 2003 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.},

note = {29},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-0942282577,

title = {Heavy metals in the gonads and hepatopancreas of spiders (Araneae) from variously polluted areas},

author = { G. Wilczek and A. Babczyńska},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0942282577&partnerID=40&md5=91047d3964b4cf3656e7b42c629300a3},

issn = {1335342X},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-01-01},

journal = {Ekologia Bratislava},

volume = {19},

number = {9993},

pages = {283-292},

abstract = {Spiders, as secondary consumers, ingest considerable amounts of various xenobiotics, including heavy metals. The amounts of ingested metals depends on hunting activity of the spider and on the body composition of their prey. On the other hand, specificity of metal excretion and storage in intracellular granules, rather than the quality of food, is responsible for their high metal body burden. The aim of this study was to determine whether heavy metal levels in the gonads and hepatopancreas of selected spiders species would reflect their adaptability to environmental pollutants in relation to their physiological and behavioural specificity. Contents of CD, Pb, Cu and Zn were measured by means of flameless and flame AAS in females of 6 species: Araneus diadematus, Araneus marmoreus (Araneidae), Metellina segmentala (Metidae), Linyphia triangularis (Linyphiidae), Pardosa amentala (Lycosidae) and Agelena labyrinthica (Agelenidae). The material was collected at two sites which differ in the level of industrial pollutants, including heavy metals: Losień (near Katowice steelworks - heavily polluted environment) and Brenna-Bukowa in Beskid Śla̧ski Mountains (reference site). Heavy metal levels in the analysed organs did not reflect the metal content in the predators' biotopes. Nevertheless, Cd, Pb and Zn levels in the hepatopancreas were always higher than in the gonads, irrespective of the site from which the spiders had been collected. This may suggest that midgut glands of the predators are an efficient barrier for these elements, protecting other organs, including gonads, against the toxicity of heavy metals. Heavy metal concentrations in spiders' tissues appeared, however, species-dependent, and this might be influenced by both behavioural and physiological methods of inactivation of heavy metals in different tissues. Among the web building spiders, L. triangularis seems to be the most efficient regulator of heavy metals in the tissues as was indicated by a significantly lower concentration of these xenobiotics in comparison with the other species in both of the tissues investigated. On the other hand, the wandering P. amentata and the web-building M. segmentata probably store all the heavy metals ingested with their food as mineral concentrations, mainly in cells of the hepatopancreas.},

note = {26},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-0030369824,

title = {Metal body burdens and detoxifying enzymes in spiders from industrially polluted areas},

author = { G. Wilczek and P. Migula},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030369824&doi=10.1007%2fs0021663540643&partnerID=40&md5=280dbd5ad6401b732a0a4e929706ee14},

doi = {10.1007/s0021663540643},

issn = {09370633},

year  = {1996},

date = {1996-01-01},

journal = {Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry},

volume = {354},

number = {5-6},

pages = {643-647},

publisher = {Springer Verlag},

abstract = {Detoxifying enzymes have been assayed and metal concentrations have been monitored in four species of spiders from differently contaminated localities in Southern Poland. A behavioural feeding activity and the life style decide on sensitivity and vulnerability of spiders. Wolf-spiders, more active than the web-spinners, cumulate higher amounts of metals, reflecting quantitatively and qualitatively the pollution level in their environment. Detoxifying systems in spiders appeared inducible and efficient to maintain normal physiological responses. Within web-spinning spiders the linyphiids seem to be the most effective regulators of metal burdens. Their detoxifying capabilities correlate well with increased industrial contaminants. The analysis of biochemical biomarkers of exposure confirmed earlier ecological findings that species of the family Linyphiidae are more favoured than the Araneidae. Differences in their feeding activity, behaviour of web-spinning and the size of animals would explain alterations in detoxifying abilities between Meta segmentata and Araneus diadematus. © Springer-Verlag 1996.},

note = {41},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}