• dr hab. Sławomir Pytel
Funkcja: Dyrektor Kierunku: Geografia; Inżynieria zagrożeń środowiskowych; Turystyka
Stanowisko: Prof.Uczelni
Jednostka: Instytut Geografii Społeczno-Ekonomicznej i Gospodarki Przestrzennej
Adres: 41-200 Sosnowiec, ul. Będzińska 60
Piętro: IV
Numer pokoju: 419
Telefon: (32) 3689 213
E-mail: slawomir.pytel@us.edu.pl
Spis publikacji: Spis wg CINiBA
Spis publikacji: Spis wg OPUS
Scopus Author ID: 8946714800
Publikacje z bazy Scopus
2024
Rahmonov, O.; Sobala, M.; Środek, D.; Karkosz, D.; Pytel, S.; Rahmonov, M.
The spatial distribution of potentially toxic elements in the mountain forest topsoils (the Silesian Beskids, southern Poland) Journal Article
In: Scientific Reports, vol. 14, no. 1, 2024, ISSN: 20452322.
@article{2-s2.0-85181241312,
title = {The spatial distribution of potentially toxic elements in the mountain forest topsoils (the Silesian Beskids, southern Poland)},
author = { O. Rahmonov and M. Sobala and D. Środek and D. Karkosz and S. Pytel and M. Rahmonov},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85181241312&doi=10.1038%2fs41598-023-50817-7&partnerID=40&md5=801dc2687e1ddc5f76a1af7781e5a8cd},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-023-50817-7},
issn = {20452322},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
journal = {Scientific Reports},
volume = {14},
number = {1},
publisher = {Nature Research},
abstract = {Progressive industrialisation and urbanisation in recent decades have dramatically affected the soil cover and led to significant changes in its properties, which inevitably affect the functioning of other components of the forest ecosystems. The total content of Pb, Cd, Zn, Fe, Cr, Cu, Ni, As, and Hg was studied in twenty-five plots at different heights in the topsoil (organic and humus horizons) formed from the Carpathian flysch in the area of the Silesian Beskids (Western Carpathians). The aim of this article is to analyse the spatial distribution of potentially toxic elements in the mountain forest topsoil in different types of plant communities and to determine the relationship between altitude and potentially toxic elements contamination. The soils studied are acidic or very acidic, with an average range of 3.8 (H2O) and 2.9 (KCl). Concentrations of the metals Cd, Zn, Fe, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Hg on the plots that were analysed are within the range of permissible standards for forest ecosystems in Poland, while Pb and As exceed the permissible standards for this type of ecosystem. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient showed a high correlation between Fe–Cr (r(32) = 0.879; Pb-Hg r(32) = 0.772; Ni–Cr r(32) = 0.738; Zn-Cd r(32) = 0.734; and Cu-Hg r(32) = 0.743; and a moderate statistically significant positive correlation between Cu-Pb r(32) = 0.667 and As-Pb r(32) = 0.557. No correlation was found between altitude and the occurrence of potentially toxic elements. The geo-accumulation index (Igeo) index; on the other hand; indicates that Pb; As; and Cd have the highest impact on soil contamination in all study plots: it classifies soils from moderately to strongly polluted. The enrichment factor (EF) obtained for As and Hg indicates significant-to-very high enrichment in all areas studied. The potential ecological risk index (PLI) calculated for the sites indicates the existence of pollution in all areas examined. The highest risk categories (considerable to very high) are associated with cadmium and mercury. © 2024; The Author(s).},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Progressive industrialisation and urbanisation in recent decades have dramatically affected the soil cover and led to significant changes in its properties, which inevitably affect the functioning of other components of the forest ecosystems. The total content of Pb, Cd, Zn, Fe, Cr, Cu, Ni, As, and Hg was studied in twenty-five plots at different heights in the topsoil (organic and humus horizons) formed from the Carpathian flysch in the area of the Silesian Beskids (Western Carpathians). The aim of this article is to analyse the spatial distribution of potentially toxic elements in the mountain forest topsoil in different types of plant communities and to determine the relationship between altitude and potentially toxic elements contamination. The soils studied are acidic or very acidic, with an average range of 3.8 (H2O) and 2.9 (KCl). Concentrations of the metals Cd, Zn, Fe, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Hg on the plots that were analysed are within the range of permissible standards for forest ecosystems in Poland, while Pb and As exceed the permissible standards for this type of ecosystem. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient showed a high correlation between Fe–Cr (r(32) = 0.879; Pb-Hg r(32) = 0.772; Ni–Cr r(32) = 0.738; Zn-Cd r(32) = 0.734; and Cu-Hg r(32) = 0.743; and a moderate statistically significant positive correlation between Cu-Pb r(32) = 0.667 and As-Pb r(32) = 0.557. No correlation was found between altitude and the occurrence of potentially toxic elements. The geo-accumulation index (Igeo) index; on the other hand; indicates that Pb; As; and Cd have the highest impact on soil contamination in all study plots: it classifies soils from moderately to strongly polluted. The enrichment factor (EF) obtained for As and Hg indicates significant-to-very high enrichment in all areas studied. The potential ecological risk index (PLI) calculated for the sites indicates the existence of pollution in all areas examined. The highest risk categories (considerable to very high) are associated with cadmium and mercury. © 2024; The Author(s).
Habel, M.; Mechkin, K.; Wagner, I.; Grabowski, Z. J.; Kaczkowski, Z.; Absalon, D.; Szatten, D.; Matysik, M.; Pytel, S.; Jurczak, T. E.; Obolewski, K.
Dammed context: Community perspectives on ecosystem service changes following Poland's first dam removal Journal Article
In: Land Degradation and Development, 2024, ISSN: 10853278.
@article{2-s2.0-85184401396,
title = {Dammed context: Community perspectives on ecosystem service changes following Poland's first dam removal},
author = { M. Habel and K. Mechkin and I. Wagner and Z.J. Grabowski and Z. Kaczkowski and D. Absalon and D. Szatten and M. Matysik and S. Pytel and T.E. Jurczak and K. Obolewski},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85184401396&doi=10.1002%2fldr.5053&partnerID=40&md5=9c798886725445ff0a85e1ae54ee7d09},
doi = {10.1002/ldr.5053},
issn = {10853278},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
journal = {Land Degradation and Development},
publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Ltd},
abstract = {Decisions to build or remove dams and other large engineered hydraulic infrastructures are always entangled in social and environmental impacts, which are often evaluated formally through bureaucratic processes. In Europe dam removals are relatively infrequent, even though extensive hydraulic infrastructure has degraded biodiversity and water quality. The Wilkówka dam in southern Poland was required to be removed rapidly, primarily due to engineering failures during its construction. Using survey methods, we examine the local community's perceptions of the net environmental and social impacts of the Wilkówka dam removal. In surveying the opinions of households, 62% of respondents expressed that decisions about the removal were taken without sufficient community consultation, and 92% felt that the dam had been removed despite their opposition. Although the dam had been built recently and had failed to operate at design capacity, respondents reported strong attachments to the services they perceived it to provide, including water supply, flood regulation and cultural significance. In spite of the possibility of an environmental disaster and long-term environmental degradation, most surveyed households would have preferred it to have been renovated or reconstructed. In short, the removal of the Wilkówka dam was perceived by local households but also by local officials as bringing about a net loss in socially relevant ecosystem services, despite the urgent need for removal perceived by regional and national authorities. The local community's rapid attachment to the dam despite its potential negative impacts on biodiversity and the local environment were primarily attributable to the high expectations as to the hydrological services that the dam was to provide (water supply; flood regulation and its larger symbolic value as an infrastructural investment in the community). This work provides an empirical demonstration of the importance of understanding the social, ecological and technological context within decision-making processes regarding dam removals, and its implications may improve the planning and implementation of future dam removal projects. © 2024 The Authors. Land Degradation & Development published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Decisions to build or remove dams and other large engineered hydraulic infrastructures are always entangled in social and environmental impacts, which are often evaluated formally through bureaucratic processes. In Europe dam removals are relatively infrequent, even though extensive hydraulic infrastructure has degraded biodiversity and water quality. The Wilkówka dam in southern Poland was required to be removed rapidly, primarily due to engineering failures during its construction. Using survey methods, we examine the local community's perceptions of the net environmental and social impacts of the Wilkówka dam removal. In surveying the opinions of households, 62% of respondents expressed that decisions about the removal were taken without sufficient community consultation, and 92% felt that the dam had been removed despite their opposition. Although the dam had been built recently and had failed to operate at design capacity, respondents reported strong attachments to the services they perceived it to provide, including water supply, flood regulation and cultural significance. In spite of the possibility of an environmental disaster and long-term environmental degradation, most surveyed households would have preferred it to have been renovated or reconstructed. In short, the removal of the Wilkówka dam was perceived by local households but also by local officials as bringing about a net loss in socially relevant ecosystem services, despite the urgent need for removal perceived by regional and national authorities. The local community's rapid attachment to the dam despite its potential negative impacts on biodiversity and the local environment were primarily attributable to the high expectations as to the hydrological services that the dam was to provide (water supply; flood regulation and its larger symbolic value as an infrastructural investment in the community). This work provides an empirical demonstration of the importance of understanding the social, ecological and technological context within decision-making processes regarding dam removals, and its implications may improve the planning and implementation of future dam removal projects. © 2024 The Authors. Land Degradation & Development published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
2023
Rahmonov, O.; Środek, D.; Pytel, S.; Makieieva, N.; Kupka, T.
Relationships between Heavy Metal Concentrations in Greater Celandine (Chelidonium majus L.) Tissues and Soil in Urban Parks Journal Article
In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 20, no. 5, 2023, ISSN: 16617827, (3).
@article{2-s2.0-85149996413,
title = {Relationships between Heavy Metal Concentrations in Greater Celandine (Chelidonium majus L.) Tissues and Soil in Urban Parks},
author = { O. Rahmonov and D. Środek and S. Pytel and N. Makieieva and T. Kupka},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85149996413&doi=10.3390%2fijerph20053887&partnerID=40&md5=944912c5e802a439d46a8a86f8e3f6fe},
doi = {10.3390/ijerph20053887},
issn = {16617827},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
volume = {20},
number = {5},
publisher = {MDPI},
abstract = {Anthropogenic ecological ecosystems create favourable conditions for the growth of the nitrophilous medicinal species Chelidonium majus in six urban parks in Southern Poland. This study focuses on the concentrations of trace elements in the soils, leaves, stems, and rhizomes of greater celandine. The soil samples were taken only in the humus horizon (A), which averaged approximately 15 cm in thickness under the clumps of Ch. majus. Regarding the reaction, the soil samples tested can be described as slightly acidic (5.6–6.8 in KCl) to alkaline (7.1–7.4 in H2O). Organic carbon content at all sites is high, ranging from 3.2% to 13.6%, while the highest total nitrogen (Nt) content is 0.664%. The average total phosphorus (Pt) content in all samples is 548.8 mg/kg (and its range is 298–940 mg/kg), such values indicating its anthropogenic origin. In terms of heavy metals, Zn has the highest content in the analysed soil samples compared to the other elements, and its range is from 394.50 mg/kg to 1363.80 mg/kg in soil. In rhizomes, Zn also has the highest values (178.7–408.3 mg/kg), whereas, in stems and leaves, it varies (from 80.6 to 227.5 and from 57.8 to 297.4 mg/kg; respectively). Spearman’s rank correlation showed high correlations between the content of Pb, Zn, Cd, and As in the soil and rhizomes of Ch. majus. Despite soil contamination with Pb, Cd, and Zn, Ch. majus does not accumulate them in its tissues. However, the translocation of Hg and Cr from rhizomes to leaves was observed. The different concentrations of metals in each park result from the degree of diversity of the parent rocks on which the soil was formed. © 2023 by the authors.},
note = {3},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Anthropogenic ecological ecosystems create favourable conditions for the growth of the nitrophilous medicinal species Chelidonium majus in six urban parks in Southern Poland. This study focuses on the concentrations of trace elements in the soils, leaves, stems, and rhizomes of greater celandine. The soil samples were taken only in the humus horizon (A), which averaged approximately 15 cm in thickness under the clumps of Ch. majus. Regarding the reaction, the soil samples tested can be described as slightly acidic (5.6–6.8 in KCl) to alkaline (7.1–7.4 in H2O). Organic carbon content at all sites is high, ranging from 3.2% to 13.6%, while the highest total nitrogen (Nt) content is 0.664%. The average total phosphorus (Pt) content in all samples is 548.8 mg/kg (and its range is 298–940 mg/kg), such values indicating its anthropogenic origin. In terms of heavy metals, Zn has the highest content in the analysed soil samples compared to the other elements, and its range is from 394.50 mg/kg to 1363.80 mg/kg in soil. In rhizomes, Zn also has the highest values (178.7–408.3 mg/kg), whereas, in stems and leaves, it varies (from 80.6 to 227.5 and from 57.8 to 297.4 mg/kg; respectively). Spearman’s rank correlation showed high correlations between the content of Pb, Zn, Cd, and As in the soil and rhizomes of Ch. majus. Despite soil contamination with Pb, Cd, and Zn, Ch. majus does not accumulate them in its tissues. However, the translocation of Hg and Cr from rhizomes to leaves was observed. The different concentrations of metals in each park result from the degree of diversity of the parent rocks on which the soil was formed. © 2023 by the authors.
2022
Kiniorska, I.; Pytel, S.
Ageing of rural populations in Eastern Poland Journal Article
In: Environmental and Socio-Economic Studies, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 1-18, 2022, ISSN: 23540079.
@article{2-s2.0-85134505325,
title = {Ageing of rural populations in Eastern Poland},
author = { I. Kiniorska and S. Pytel},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85134505325&doi=10.2478%2fenviron-2022-0007&partnerID=40&md5=fc893ddeb8887f7fc94cd7d7ef89f3ac},
doi = {10.2478/environ-2022-0007},
issn = {23540079},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
journal = {Environmental and Socio-Economic Studies},
volume = {10},
number = {2},
pages = {1-18},
publisher = {De Gruyter Open Ltd},
abstract = {A demographic view of the ageing process of a population provides an assessmentof the degree of development of this phenomenon and its dynamics at a given time in a given area, such as an administrative unit, a country or other territory. In this study, the main research aim was to assess the demographic situation of rural areas in Eastern Poland in the context of an ageing population. Changes in both the number of people and the demographic structure of the population living in the region were analysed. The time period of the research covered the years 2008-2020. Statistical data used in the study were derived from the Local Data Bank of Statistics Poland. The assessment of the regional specificity of the processes of demographic changes in rural areas was based on the study of the relationships in the analyzed parameters, with the use of statistical measures defining the range of variability of the examined characteristics. In order to achieve the main aim of the study, a typology of the areas with a disturbed age structure was developed. Four groups of rural areas have been identified (labelled from A to D) which are characterised by varying degrees of advancement of the examined problem in 2020. © 2022 Iwona Kiniorska et al., published by Sciendo.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
A demographic view of the ageing process of a population provides an assessmentof the degree of development of this phenomenon and its dynamics at a given time in a given area, such as an administrative unit, a country or other territory. In this study, the main research aim was to assess the demographic situation of rural areas in Eastern Poland in the context of an ageing population. Changes in both the number of people and the demographic structure of the population living in the region were analysed. The time period of the research covered the years 2008-2020. Statistical data used in the study were derived from the Local Data Bank of Statistics Poland. The assessment of the regional specificity of the processes of demographic changes in rural areas was based on the study of the relationships in the analyzed parameters, with the use of statistical measures defining the range of variability of the examined characteristics. In order to achieve the main aim of the study, a typology of the areas with a disturbed age structure was developed. Four groups of rural areas have been identified (labelled from A to D) which are characterised by varying degrees of advancement of the examined problem in 2020. © 2022 Iwona Kiniorska et al., published by Sciendo.
Michalak, M. P.; Cordes, J.; Kulawik, A.; Sitek, S.; Pytel, S.; Zuzańska-Żyśko, E.; Wieczorek, R.
Reducing bias in risk indices for COVID-19 Journal Article
In: Geospatial Health, vol. 17, no. S1, 2022, ISSN: 18271987, (2).
@article{2-s2.0-85124445966,
title = {Reducing bias in risk indices for COVID-19},
author = { M.P. Michalak and J. Cordes and A. Kulawik and S. Sitek and S. Pytel and E. Zuzańska-Żyśko and R. Wieczorek},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85124445966&doi=10.4081%2fgh.2022.1013&partnerID=40&md5=e24ea781c0277983919237a461019ded},
doi = {10.4081/gh.2022.1013},
issn = {18271987},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
journal = {Geospatial Health},
volume = {17},
number = {S1},
publisher = {Page Press Publications},
abstract = {Spatiotemporal modelling of infectious diseases such as coro¬navirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) involves using a variety of epi-demiological metrics such as regional proportion of cases and/or regional positivity rates. Although observing changes of these indices over time is critical to estimate the regional disease bur¬den, the dynamical properties of these measures, as well as cross-relationships, are usually not systematically given or explained. Here we provide a spatiotemporal framework composed of six commonly used and newly constructed epidemiological metrics and conduct a case study evaluation. We introduce a refined risk estimate that is biased neither by variation in population size nor by the spatial heterogeneity of testing. In particular, the proposed methodology would be useful for unbiased identification of time periods with elevated COVID-19 risk without sensitivity to spatial heterogeneity of neither population nor testing coverage. We offer a case study in Poland that shows improvement over the bias of currently used methods. Our results also provide insights regard¬ing regional prioritisation of testing and the consequences of potential synchronisation of epidemics between regions. The approach should apply to other infectious diseases and other geo¬graphical areas. © The Author(s), 2022 Licensee PAGEPress, Italy.},
note = {2},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Spatiotemporal modelling of infectious diseases such as coro¬navirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) involves using a variety of epi-demiological metrics such as regional proportion of cases and/or regional positivity rates. Although observing changes of these indices over time is critical to estimate the regional disease bur¬den, the dynamical properties of these measures, as well as cross-relationships, are usually not systematically given or explained. Here we provide a spatiotemporal framework composed of six commonly used and newly constructed epidemiological metrics and conduct a case study evaluation. We introduce a refined risk estimate that is biased neither by variation in population size nor by the spatial heterogeneity of testing. In particular, the proposed methodology would be useful for unbiased identification of time periods with elevated COVID-19 risk without sensitivity to spatial heterogeneity of neither population nor testing coverage. We offer a case study in Poland that shows improvement over the bias of currently used methods. Our results also provide insights regard¬ing regional prioritisation of testing and the consequences of potential synchronisation of epidemics between regions. The approach should apply to other infectious diseases and other geo¬graphical areas. © The Author(s), 2022 Licensee PAGEPress, Italy.
Szromek, A. R.; Pytel, S.; Markiewicz-Patkowska, J.; Oleśniewicz, P.
Impact of tourist trips on seniors’ migrations–case study from Poland Journal Article
In: Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 741-755, 2022, ISSN: 14766825, (2).
@article{2-s2.0-85119068043,
title = {Impact of tourist trips on seniors’ migrations–case study from Poland},
author = { A.R. Szromek and S. Pytel and J. Markiewicz-Patkowska and P. Oleśniewicz},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85119068043&doi=10.1080%2f14766825.2021.1999460&partnerID=40&md5=e90a55befd1431f17bf8c206c9753f99},
doi = {10.1080/14766825.2021.1999460},
issn = {14766825},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change},
volume = {20},
number = {6},
pages = {741-755},
publisher = {Routledge},
abstract = {Understanding elderly consumers’ behaviour can be an effective tool for planning the tourist market. The changing demographic structure of the population poses new challenges, which require greater involvement of both the state and the private sector in addressing the issues of the aging society. The main objective of the article was to determine whether seniors’ tourist trips impacted on their final migration. An additional purpose was to establish the senior migrant profile. In order to answer the research question, primary quantitative research was performed, which consisted in collecting information from respondents through a standardized questionnaire. To systematize the reasons for seniors’ migrations, a cluster analysis (Ward’s method) was applied. The seniors moved to places where they found a clean environment of considerable tourist values. The migration improved their living standards and life quality. Almost half of the pensioners had previously visited the place where they moved to permanently. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.},
note = {2},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Understanding elderly consumers’ behaviour can be an effective tool for planning the tourist market. The changing demographic structure of the population poses new challenges, which require greater involvement of both the state and the private sector in addressing the issues of the aging society. The main objective of the article was to determine whether seniors’ tourist trips impacted on their final migration. An additional purpose was to establish the senior migrant profile. In order to answer the research question, primary quantitative research was performed, which consisted in collecting information from respondents through a standardized questionnaire. To systematize the reasons for seniors’ migrations, a cluster analysis (Ward’s method) was applied. The seniors moved to places where they found a clean environment of considerable tourist values. The migration improved their living standards and life quality. Almost half of the pensioners had previously visited the place where they moved to permanently. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
2021
Pytel, S.; Sitek, S.; Chmielewska, M.; Zuzańska-Żyśko, E.; Runge, A.; Markiewicz-Patkowska, J.
Transformation directions of brownfields: The case of the górnośląsko-zagłȩbiowska metropolis Journal Article
In: Sustainability (Switzerland), vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 1-24, 2021, ISSN: 20711050, (2).
@article{2-s2.0-85102115180,
title = {Transformation directions of brownfields: The case of the górnośląsko-zagłȩbiowska metropolis},
author = { S. Pytel and S. Sitek and M. Chmielewska and E. Zuzańska-Żyśko and A. Runge and J. Markiewicz-Patkowska},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85102115180&doi=10.3390%2fsu13042075&partnerID=40&md5=ab75a63863ff14dd07d47eb4fbe318eb},
doi = {10.3390/su13042075},
issn = {20711050},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
journal = {Sustainability (Switzerland)},
volume = {13},
number = {4},
pages = {1-24},
publisher = {MDPI AG},
abstract = {Brownfields are remnants of the functional and spatial transformations of urban areas in Poland. They are particularly abundant in old industrial districts, based on coal mining and metallurgy. The aim of this study is to identify the transformation directions and functional changes of brownfields in the former Upper Silesian Industrial Region in southern Poland, which has evolved into the Górnoslasko-Zagłebiowska Metropolis (GZM) through the process of socio-economic transformation. The study makes use of the test of independence and Cramer’s V as a post-test, and the method of in-depth interviews. The results indicate that the most popular new functions of post-industrial sites are production and services. When we consider large brownfields such as, in particular, disused mine dumps, dumping sites, settling ponds and workings, the most popular new form of land use is green spaces. Moreover, the study shows that the size of brownfields impacts their new forms of land use. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.},
note = {2},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Brownfields are remnants of the functional and spatial transformations of urban areas in Poland. They are particularly abundant in old industrial districts, based on coal mining and metallurgy. The aim of this study is to identify the transformation directions and functional changes of brownfields in the former Upper Silesian Industrial Region in southern Poland, which has evolved into the Górnoslasko-Zagłebiowska Metropolis (GZM) through the process of socio-economic transformation. The study makes use of the test of independence and Cramer’s V as a post-test, and the method of in-depth interviews. The results indicate that the most popular new functions of post-industrial sites are production and services. When we consider large brownfields such as, in particular, disused mine dumps, dumping sites, settling ponds and workings, the most popular new form of land use is green spaces. Moreover, the study shows that the size of brownfields impacts their new forms of land use. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Pytel, S.; Kamińska, W.; Kiniorska, I.; Brambert, P.
Migrations of elderly people in the world and in Poland Journal Article
In: European Spatial Research and Policy, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 155-170, 2021, ISSN: 12311952.
@article{2-s2.0-85107528115,
title = {Migrations of elderly people in the world and in Poland},
author = { S. Pytel and W. Kamińska and I. Kiniorska and P. Brambert},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85107528115&doi=10.18778%2f1231-1952.27.2.10&partnerID=40&md5=5dac15b48b39cece32d37cc9af0ef936},
doi = {10.18778/1231-1952.27.2.10},
issn = {12311952},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
journal = {European Spatial Research and Policy},
volume = {27},
number = {2},
pages = {155-170},
publisher = {Łódź University Press},
abstract = {Migrations of seniors in the 21st century accurately reflect the socio-demographic changes in developed countries. Their intensity increases in various parts of the world. In Europe, pensioners from the north move to the region of the Mediterranean Sea. Seniors from the United States and Canada are attracted to the countries of Central and South America. The goal of this study is to identify the trends in foreign migrations of seniors in selected countries of the world, with special regard to the migration of Polish pensioners. The study shows that contemporary seniors can afford to purchase property abroad and the driving forces for the migration movement include: warm climate, beautiful landscape, and a healthier and slower pace of living at the final destination. However, when it comes to Polish pensioners, the main reason for their migrations is their attempt to improve their economic conditions. © 2021 Sciendo. All rights reserved.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Migrations of seniors in the 21st century accurately reflect the socio-demographic changes in developed countries. Their intensity increases in various parts of the world. In Europe, pensioners from the north move to the region of the Mediterranean Sea. Seniors from the United States and Canada are attracted to the countries of Central and South America. The goal of this study is to identify the trends in foreign migrations of seniors in selected countries of the world, with special regard to the migration of Polish pensioners. The study shows that contemporary seniors can afford to purchase property abroad and the driving forces for the migration movement include: warm climate, beautiful landscape, and a healthier and slower pace of living at the final destination. However, when it comes to Polish pensioners, the main reason for their migrations is their attempt to improve their economic conditions. © 2021 Sciendo. All rights reserved.
2020
Pytel, S.; Rahmonov, O.; Ruman, M.
Internal and external migrations of pensioners in Poland: A directional typology Journal Article
In: Population, Space and Place, vol. 26, no. 7, 2020, ISSN: 15448444, (4).
@article{2-s2.0-85081719101,
title = {Internal and external migrations of pensioners in Poland: A directional typology},
author = { S. Pytel and O. Rahmonov and M. Ruman},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85081719101&doi=10.1002%2fpsp.2330&partnerID=40&md5=a5f046aa9538c30db56d44721914558b},
doi = {10.1002/psp.2330},
issn = {15448444},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Population, Space and Place},
volume = {26},
number = {7},
publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Ltd},
abstract = {The article presents an analysis of directions of internal and international migrations undertaken by Polish pensioners. A typology of migration directions is proposed. We use the method of a table of signs to define five major types of pensioner migrations. We show the variability of these types over time, from the Type J (moderately mobile; consistent) in the 1990s to the Type H (moderately mobile; mixed) at present. A detailed analysis reveals a major difference between international and internal migrations: The former are mainly due to economic reasons and the latter to reasons related to housing. The obtained results allow us to conclude that pensioner migrations constitute an important factor in the social and economic development of local communities, especially in the day and age of society ageing and lengthening life expectancy. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.},
note = {4},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The article presents an analysis of directions of internal and international migrations undertaken by Polish pensioners. A typology of migration directions is proposed. We use the method of a table of signs to define five major types of pensioner migrations. We show the variability of these types over time, from the Type J (moderately mobile; consistent) in the 1990s to the Type H (moderately mobile; mixed) at present. A detailed analysis reveals a major difference between international and internal migrations: The former are mainly due to economic reasons and the latter to reasons related to housing. The obtained results allow us to conclude that pensioner migrations constitute an important factor in the social and economic development of local communities, especially in the day and age of society ageing and lengthening life expectancy. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oleśniewicz, P.; Pytel, S.; Markiewicz-Patkowska, J.; Szromek, A. R.; Jandová, S.
A model of the sustainable management of the natural environment in national parks-a case study of national parks in Poland Journal Article
In: Sustainability (Switzerland), vol. 12, no. 7, 2020, ISSN: 20711050, (19).
@article{2-s2.0-85083586529,
title = {A model of the sustainable management of the natural environment in national parks-a case study of national parks in Poland},
author = { P. Oleśniewicz and S. Pytel and J. Markiewicz-Patkowska and A.R. Szromek and S. Jandová},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85083586529&doi=10.3390%2fsu12072704&partnerID=40&md5=7742373eb8e7ff221c0fac32ce14c157},
doi = {10.3390/su12072704},
issn = {20711050},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Sustainability (Switzerland)},
volume = {12},
number = {7},
publisher = {MDPI},
abstract = {This paper aimed to present a model of natural environment management in national parks in Poland in the context of increased tourist traffic. The research area comprised Polish national parks as they are characterized by barely altered nature, little human impact, and undisturbed natural phenomena. The methods involved the observational method, literature analysis and criticism, and the in-depth interview method employed in November 2019. The respondents included national park management staff. The questions were prepared in accordance with the Berlin Declaration principles of sustainable tourism development and were extended with the authors' own items. The questionnaire contained 17 questions, grouped in four parts: science and documentation; tourism; cooperation and education; environmental threats. The results indicate that in order for actions to prove efficient in a park, a conservation plan should be carefully developed. Its correctness requires monitoring the state of the environment, tourist traffic size and trends, and tourists' impact on the environment. An important condition for effective tourism management in parks is to increase the competences of the administering bodies and knowledge regarding individuals' responsibilities. Boards should be able to evaluate and modify conservation plans, spatial development plans, municipality development strategies, and projects for investments within the parks. © 2020 by the authors.},
note = {19},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This paper aimed to present a model of natural environment management in national parks in Poland in the context of increased tourist traffic. The research area comprised Polish national parks as they are characterized by barely altered nature, little human impact, and undisturbed natural phenomena. The methods involved the observational method, literature analysis and criticism, and the in-depth interview method employed in November 2019. The respondents included national park management staff. The questions were prepared in accordance with the Berlin Declaration principles of sustainable tourism development and were extended with the authors' own items. The questionnaire contained 17 questions, grouped in four parts: science and documentation; tourism; cooperation and education; environmental threats. The results indicate that in order for actions to prove efficient in a park, a conservation plan should be carefully developed. Its correctness requires monitoring the state of the environment, tourist traffic size and trends, and tourists' impact on the environment. An important condition for effective tourism management in parks is to increase the competences of the administering bodies and knowledge regarding individuals' responsibilities. Boards should be able to evaluate and modify conservation plans, spatial development plans, municipality development strategies, and projects for investments within the parks. © 2020 by the authors.
2019
Pytel, S.; Rahmonov, O.
Migration processes and the underlying reasons: A study on pensioner migrants in Poland Journal Article
In: Population, Space and Place, vol. 25, no. 3, 2019, ISSN: 15448444, (6).
@article{2-s2.0-85056741204,
title = {Migration processes and the underlying reasons: A study on pensioner migrants in Poland},
author = { S. Pytel and O. Rahmonov},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85056741204&doi=10.1002%2fpsp.2197&partnerID=40&md5=bf68b59a7bf6a5742c5a445d4fb131f4},
doi = {10.1002/psp.2197},
issn = {15448444},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Population, Space and Place},
volume = {25},
number = {3},
publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Ltd},
abstract = {Although population ageing is progressing, seniors migrate with increasing frequency. This paper explores the question why Polish pensioners decide to migrate, as existing research has not provided satisfactory explanations. Reasons for migrations were determined on the basis of pensioners' answers to a questionnaire survey. The results show that migration decisions are taken for a number of reasons, which depend, inter alia, on the respondents' education level, age, and sex. For women as well as for men, the economic aspect plays a crucial role (e.g.; building or buying a new house). Ward's method was employed to distinguish five main migration types according to the main motivating factor; that is, family and finance, family, environmental, economic, and health. An analysis of internal as well as external migrations of Polish seniors shows that they differ considerably from migrations of seniors in other countries. Due to their unsatisfactory finances as well as deficits in knowledge of foreign languages, Polish pensioners, unlike their peers in other countries, rarely decide to settle down abroad. The Polish model of multigenerational family in which seniors assist their children in raising their grandchildren also contributes to lower emigration. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.},
note = {6},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Although population ageing is progressing, seniors migrate with increasing frequency. This paper explores the question why Polish pensioners decide to migrate, as existing research has not provided satisfactory explanations. Reasons for migrations were determined on the basis of pensioners' answers to a questionnaire survey. The results show that migration decisions are taken for a number of reasons, which depend, inter alia, on the respondents' education level, age, and sex. For women as well as for men, the economic aspect plays a crucial role (e.g.; building or buying a new house). Ward's method was employed to distinguish five main migration types according to the main motivating factor; that is, family and finance, family, environmental, economic, and health. An analysis of internal as well as external migrations of Polish seniors shows that they differ considerably from migrations of seniors in other countries. Due to their unsatisfactory finances as well as deficits in knowledge of foreign languages, Polish pensioners, unlike their peers in other countries, rarely decide to settle down abroad. The Polish model of multigenerational family in which seniors assist their children in raising their grandchildren also contributes to lower emigration. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Markiewicz-Patkowska, J.; Pytel, S.; Oleśniewicz, P.; Widawski, K.
Modern senior tourism in the context of young people tourist activity in Poland Journal Article
In: Folia Geographica, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 68-86, 2019, ISSN: 13366157, (1).
@article{2-s2.0-85076341648,
title = {Modern senior tourism in the context of young people tourist activity in Poland},
author = { J. Markiewicz-Patkowska and S. Pytel and P. Oleśniewicz and K. Widawski},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85076341648&partnerID=40&md5=47eafe2341117293c48a6fe2820a2c52},
issn = {13366157},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Folia Geographica},
volume = {61},
number = {1},
pages = {68-86},
publisher = {University of Presov},
abstract = {Owing to the world demographic situation, the phenomenon of senior tourism is dynamically developing. More and more retired people want to travel and get to know new places. Therefore, the paper aims to compare the tourist activity of retired people and that of mobile working age people. The results obtained in the performed analysis allow to conclude that the tourist activity of pensioners and of young people is not similar. On the basis of the analysis of the selected characteristics of tourist activity and the seniors' age with the use of the chi-squared test, the authors pointed at the relationships occurring among these characteristics. The comparative analysis showed that the tourist expectations of the studied groups are different. The results prove that the diversity of travel concerns many problems. © 2019 University of Presov. All rights reserved.},
note = {1},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Owing to the world demographic situation, the phenomenon of senior tourism is dynamically developing. More and more retired people want to travel and get to know new places. Therefore, the paper aims to compare the tourist activity of retired people and that of mobile working age people. The results obtained in the performed analysis allow to conclude that the tourist activity of pensioners and of young people is not similar. On the basis of the analysis of the selected characteristics of tourist activity and the seniors' age with the use of the chi-squared test, the authors pointed at the relationships occurring among these characteristics. The comparative analysis showed that the tourist expectations of the studied groups are different. The results prove that the diversity of travel concerns many problems. © 2019 University of Presov. All rights reserved.
2018
Ruman, M.; Olkowska, E.; Pytel, S.; Polkowska, Ż.
Surfactants in klodnica river (Katowice, Poland). Part II. Quaternary ammonium compounds Journal Article
In: Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 229-242, 2018, ISSN: 18986196.
@article{2-s2.0-85050677286,
title = {Surfactants in klodnica river (Katowice, Poland). Part II. Quaternary ammonium compounds},
author = { M. Ruman and E. Olkowska and S. Pytel and Ż. Polkowska},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85050677286&doi=10.1515%2feces-2018-0015&partnerID=40&md5=13f5c2df3f21e3aad718d6f279cdb378},
doi = {10.1515/eces-2018-0015},
issn = {18986196},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S},
volume = {25},
number = {2},
pages = {229-242},
publisher = {De Gruyter Open Ltd},
abstract = {The paper presents methods of determination of analytes of the cation group (alkyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium (BDDA-C12-C16); alkyl trimethyl ammonium (TMA); hexadecyl piridinium (HP)) in surface water and bottom sediment samples. In the sample preparation phase the solid phase extraction (SPE) or accelerated solvent extraction/ultrasound assisted extraction (ASE/UAE)-SPE technique was used and in the identification phase and quantitative determination of analytes phase - ion chromatography technique (combined with a conductivity detector (CD)). The determined concentrations were in the range below the determined method detection limit (MDL) or method quantification limit (MQL) figures up to 0.142 ±0.023 mg/dm3 or 2014 ±10 μg/kg (liquid and solid samples; respectively). Comparing concentrations of individual analytes found in liquid and solid environmental samples we may notice that surfactants containing a shorter alkyl chain in their molecules were found in higher concentrations in liquid samples (hydrophobicity increasing with the chain length). © 2018 Marek Ruman et al., published by Sciendo 2018.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The paper presents methods of determination of analytes of the cation group (alkyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium (BDDA-C12-C16); alkyl trimethyl ammonium (TMA); hexadecyl piridinium (HP)) in surface water and bottom sediment samples. In the sample preparation phase the solid phase extraction (SPE) or accelerated solvent extraction/ultrasound assisted extraction (ASE/UAE)-SPE technique was used and in the identification phase and quantitative determination of analytes phase - ion chromatography technique (combined with a conductivity detector (CD)). The determined concentrations were in the range below the determined method detection limit (MDL) or method quantification limit (MQL) figures up to 0.142 ±0.023 mg/dm3 or 2014 ±10 μg/kg (liquid and solid samples; respectively). Comparing concentrations of individual analytes found in liquid and solid environmental samples we may notice that surfactants containing a shorter alkyl chain in their molecules were found in higher concentrations in liquid samples (hydrophobicity increasing with the chain length). © 2018 Marek Ruman et al., published by Sciendo 2018.
Pytel, S.
International migrations of Polish pensioners in the context of the cumulative causation theory Journal Article
In: Folia Geographica, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 74-84, 2018, ISSN: 13366157, (2).
@article{2-s2.0-85057350839,
title = {International migrations of Polish pensioners in the context of the cumulative causation theory},
author = { S. Pytel},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85057350839&partnerID=40&md5=feacc2b1e0405bcbfa406dd58c31491a},
issn = {13366157},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Folia Geographica},
volume = {60},
number = {1},
pages = {74-84},
publisher = {University of Presov},
abstract = {Nowadays we deal with both rapid population ageing and considerable increases in international migrations of people over 65. Consequently, the aim of this paper is to present the destinations Polish pensioners choose when moving abroad. The most popular destination country is Germany, which results from the family networks binding pensioners with this country. This fact is confirmed by the cumulative causation theory, which argues that a combination of several factors is necessary for migrations to occur. Pensioners face low incomes, and after retirement they seek opportunities to raise them. However, going abroad to work is not easy due to lack of knowledge of foreign languages. Mobility is facilitated by existing migration networks, i.e. migrants move to join their families and friends. © 2018 University of Presov. All rights reserved.},
note = {2},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Nowadays we deal with both rapid population ageing and considerable increases in international migrations of people over 65. Consequently, the aim of this paper is to present the destinations Polish pensioners choose when moving abroad. The most popular destination country is Germany, which results from the family networks binding pensioners with this country. This fact is confirmed by the cumulative causation theory, which argues that a combination of several factors is necessary for migrations to occur. Pensioners face low incomes, and after retirement they seek opportunities to raise them. However, going abroad to work is not easy due to lack of knowledge of foreign languages. Mobility is facilitated by existing migration networks, i.e. migrants move to join their families and friends. © 2018 University of Presov. All rights reserved.
2014
͆lesak, B.; Absalon, D.; Pytel, S.
Potential of tourism and recreational postindustrial city (Radzionków GIS-based case study) Proceedings
American Institute of Physics Inc., vol. 1618, 2014, ISSN: 0094243X, (1).
@proceedings{2-s2.0-84947544664,
title = {Potential of tourism and recreational postindustrial city (Radzionków GIS-based case study)},
author = { B. ͆lesak and D. Absalon and S. Pytel},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84947544664&doi=10.1063%2f1.4897730&partnerID=40&md5=0bfd8b70ae57ab953e2c824ad849c0af},
doi = {10.1063/1.4897730},
issn = {0094243X},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {AIP Conference Proceedings},
volume = {1618},
pages = {289-292},
publisher = {American Institute of Physics Inc.},
abstract = {The paper presents an analysis of the land structure use in the town Radzionków. The study area, despite of the industrial past, distinguished by a large proportion of green areas: parks, forests, agricultural lands, recreational areas. The study shows how important is the role of shaping the image of the municipality as an interesting tourist, plays right policy and how important local municipal authorities may support use of local tourism resources through appropriate and targeted use of space (Municipal Development Plan). © 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.},
note = {1},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {proceedings}
}
The paper presents an analysis of the land structure use in the town Radzionków. The study area, despite of the industrial past, distinguished by a large proportion of green areas: parks, forests, agricultural lands, recreational areas. The study shows how important is the role of shaping the image of the municipality as an interesting tourist, plays right policy and how important local municipal authorities may support use of local tourism resources through appropriate and targeted use of space (Municipal Development Plan). © 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.
2004
Rahmonov, O.; Rzętała, M.; Malik, I.; Oleś, W.; Pytel, S.
vol. 23, no. SUPPL. 1, 2004, ISSN: 1335342X, (5).
@proceedings{2-s2.0-27544492199,
title = {Possibilities of applying European violet willow (Salix acutifolia) in revitalising areas transformed by anthropogenic activity},
author = { O. Rahmonov and M. Rzętała and I. Malik and W. Oleś and S. Pytel},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-27544492199&partnerID=40&md5=1e38004f313daa4bd5e9d12b24771458},
issn = {1335342X},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Ekologia Bratislava},
volume = {23},
number = {SUPPL. 1},
pages = {280-290},
abstract = {In the given study the author carried out investigations on ecology of Salix acutifolia and its role in soil-forming process and creating plant communities in areas of extreme edaphic conditions. Soil-forming influence of this willow is connected with chemical composition (Na; K; Ca; Mg; P; Fe; Al.; Zn; Cu; Li; Ni; Cd; Pb) of its litter (leaf; bark; fine twigs), which enriches sand after decomposition. Investigations proved that herbaceous plants and tree seedlings in open areas could develop only under the canopy of willow. Exchangeable cations are also directly concentrated within the range of canopy. This property of willow causes that it can develop in sandy areas. It points at the possibility to apply this species in land reclamation in anthropogenically transformed areas as the alternative for cost-consuming ways of alien species introducing into the landscape.},
note = {5},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {proceedings}
}
In the given study the author carried out investigations on ecology of Salix acutifolia and its role in soil-forming process and creating plant communities in areas of extreme edaphic conditions. Soil-forming influence of this willow is connected with chemical composition (Na; K; Ca; Mg; P; Fe; Al.; Zn; Cu; Li; Ni; Cd; Pb) of its litter (leaf; bark; fine twigs), which enriches sand after decomposition. Investigations proved that herbaceous plants and tree seedlings in open areas could develop only under the canopy of willow. Exchangeable cations are also directly concentrated within the range of canopy. This property of willow causes that it can develop in sandy areas. It points at the possibility to apply this species in land reclamation in anthropogenically transformed areas as the alternative for cost-consuming ways of alien species introducing into the landscape.
Oleś, W.; Rahmonov, O.; Rzętała, M.; Pytel, S.; Malik, I.
The ways of industrial wastelands management in the Upper Silesian Region Proceedings
vol. 23, no. SUPPL. 1, 2004, ISSN: 1335342X, (8).
@proceedings{2-s2.0-27544478247,
title = {The ways of industrial wastelands management in the Upper Silesian Region},
author = { W. Oleś and O. Rahmonov and M. Rzętała and S. Pytel and I. Malik},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-27544478247&partnerID=40&md5=3cb01743fcb3e10cdbfea9d2f8ae5aaa},
issn = {1335342X},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Ekologia Bratislava},
volume = {23},
number = {SUPPL. 1},
pages = {244-251},
abstract = {This paper presents the problem of management of industrial wastelands in the Upper Silesian Region (USR) in recent years and new ways of waste reclamation in industrial areas. The industrial character of USR is connected with hard coal mining, iron and steel metallurgy, power industry chemical industry, which include the central part of contemporary Silesian district, caused significant amount of industrial waste in the vicinity of industrial plants, often in surrounding buildings, cultivated fields and forests. The biggest areas in the Upper Silesian Region are connected with hard coal mining waste (waste rock), iron and steel metallurgy (metallurgical waste), power industry (dusts and slag), chemical industry (different hazardous waste), zinc and lead ore mining (waste rock) and heavy metal metallurgy (dangerous dusts and slag with lead; zinc and others). In 2000, hard coal industry in Poland produced about 37561, 4 thousand Mg of waste (51.1% mining waste) and 32 143, 0 thousands of them (85.6%) were used for leveling of terrain (43.4%), engineering works (27.2%) and hydraulic stowage in mining (3.4%).},
note = {8},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {proceedings}
}
This paper presents the problem of management of industrial wastelands in the Upper Silesian Region (USR) in recent years and new ways of waste reclamation in industrial areas. The industrial character of USR is connected with hard coal mining, iron and steel metallurgy, power industry chemical industry, which include the central part of contemporary Silesian district, caused significant amount of industrial waste in the vicinity of industrial plants, often in surrounding buildings, cultivated fields and forests. The biggest areas in the Upper Silesian Region are connected with hard coal mining waste (waste rock), iron and steel metallurgy (metallurgical waste), power industry (dusts and slag), chemical industry (different hazardous waste), zinc and lead ore mining (waste rock) and heavy metal metallurgy (dangerous dusts and slag with lead; zinc and others). In 2000, hard coal industry in Poland produced about 37561, 4 thousand Mg of waste (51.1% mining waste) and 32 143, 0 thousands of them (85.6%) were used for leveling of terrain (43.4%), engineering works (27.2%) and hydraulic stowage in mining (3.4%).