• dr Renata Kurtyka
Stanowisko: Profesor Uczelni
Jednostka: Wydział Nauk Przyrodniczych
Adres: 40-032 Katowice, ul. Jagiellońska 28
Piętro: II
Numer pokoju: A-228
Telefon: (32) 2009 561
E-mail: renata.kurtyka@us.edu.pl
Spis publikacji: Spis wg CINiBA
Spis publikacji: Spis wg OPUS
Scopus Author ID: 8250949300
Publikacje z bazy Scopus
2018
Kurtyka, R.; Burdach, Z.; Siemieniuk, A.; Karcz, W.
In: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol. 161, pp. 8-16, 2018, ISSN: 01476513, (8).
@article{2-s2.0-85047635603,
title = {Single and combined effects of Cd and Pb on the growth, medium pH, membrane potential and metal contents in maize (Zea mays L.) coleoptile segments},
author = { R. Kurtyka and Z. Burdach and A. Siemieniuk and W. Karcz},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85047635603&doi=10.1016%2fj.ecoenv.2018.05.046&partnerID=40&md5=18ad1f9d7d8a7c274468b9a3fbb3820b},
doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.05.046},
issn = {01476513},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety},
volume = {161},
pages = {8-16},
publisher = {Academic Press},
abstract = {The mechanisms of the toxic effects of Cd and Pb on plant cell growth are still poorly understood. In particular, little is known about their interactive effects, which usually occur in the environment. Moreover, the data that do exist in the literature are controversial. This study describes experiments that were performed with maize (Zea mays) coleoptile segments, which is a classical model system for studies of plant cell elongation growth. Cadmium and lead, which were added at 0.1 mM, reduced the endogenous and IAA-induced elongation growth of maize coleoptile cells. When both metals were added together or in sequence, their effect on IAA-induced growth was more toxic. The medium pH changes, which were measured simultaneously with growth, indicated that while Pb stopped IAA-induced proton extrusion, Cd only partially diminished it. Although Cd was generally more accumulated than Pb in the maize coleoptile segments, when IAA was added together with Pb, it significantly increased the accumulation of the metal. The short-term electrophysiological experiments showed that the addition of Cd caused the depolarisation of the membrane potential (E m ), whereas Pb caused membrane hyperpolarisation. In the long-term electrophysiological experiments, it was found that the Cd-induced E m changes are complex. In conclusion, these results suggest that the effects of Cd and Pb as well as their combination on the elongation growth of maize coleoptile cells and the accumulation of the metals result, among others, from different ionic mechanisms by which each metal change the membrane potential of the cells. © 2018 Elsevier Inc.},
note = {8},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The mechanisms of the toxic effects of Cd and Pb on plant cell growth are still poorly understood. In particular, little is known about their interactive effects, which usually occur in the environment. Moreover, the data that do exist in the literature are controversial. This study describes experiments that were performed with maize (Zea mays) coleoptile segments, which is a classical model system for studies of plant cell elongation growth. Cadmium and lead, which were added at 0.1 mM, reduced the endogenous and IAA-induced elongation growth of maize coleoptile cells. When both metals were added together or in sequence, their effect on IAA-induced growth was more toxic. The medium pH changes, which were measured simultaneously with growth, indicated that while Pb stopped IAA-induced proton extrusion, Cd only partially diminished it. Although Cd was generally more accumulated than Pb in the maize coleoptile segments, when IAA was added together with Pb, it significantly increased the accumulation of the metal. The short-term electrophysiological experiments showed that the addition of Cd caused the depolarisation of the membrane potential (E m ), whereas Pb caused membrane hyperpolarisation. In the long-term electrophysiological experiments, it was found that the Cd-induced E m changes are complex. In conclusion, these results suggest that the effects of Cd and Pb as well as their combination on the elongation growth of maize coleoptile cells and the accumulation of the metals result, among others, from different ionic mechanisms by which each metal change the membrane potential of the cells. © 2018 Elsevier Inc.
Burdach, Z.; Siemieniuk, A.; Trela, Z.; Kurtyka, R.; Karcz, W.
Role of auxin (IAA) in the regulation of slow vacuolar (SV) channels and the volume of red beet taproot vacuoles Journal Article
In: BMC Plant Biology, vol. 18, no. 1, 2018, ISSN: 14712229, (8).
@article{2-s2.0-85048040874,
title = {Role of auxin (IAA) in the regulation of slow vacuolar (SV) channels and the volume of red beet taproot vacuoles},
author = { Z. Burdach and A. Siemieniuk and Z. Trela and R. Kurtyka and W. Karcz},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85048040874&doi=10.1186%2fs12870-018-1321-6&partnerID=40&md5=8db44cbfb0dd470943970e766f250d99},
doi = {10.1186/s12870-018-1321-6},
issn = {14712229},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {BMC Plant Biology},
volume = {18},
number = {1},
publisher = {BioMed Central Ltd.},
abstract = {Background: Auxin (IAA) is a central player in plant cell growth. In contrast to the well-established function of the plasma membrane in plant cell expansion, little is known about the role of the vacuolar membrane (tonoplast) in this process. Results: It was found that under symmetrical 100 mM K+ and 100 μM cytoplasmic Ca2+ the macroscopic currents showed a typical slow activation and a strong outward rectification of the steady-state currents. The addition of IAA at a final concentration of 1 μM to the bath medium stimulated the SV currents, whereas at 0.1 and 10 μM slight inhibition of SV currents was observed. The time constant, decreased in the presence of this hormone. When single channels were analyzed, an increase in their activity was recorded with IAA compared to the control. The single-channel recordings that were obtained in the presence of IAA showed that auxin increased the amplitude of the single-channel currents. Interestingly, the addition of IAA to the bath medium with the same composition as the one that was used in the patch-clamp experiments showed that auxin decreased the volume of the vacuoles. Conclusions: It is suggested that the SV channels and the volume of red beet taproot vacuoles are modulated by auxin (IAA). © 2018 The Author(s).},
note = {8},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Background: Auxin (IAA) is a central player in plant cell growth. In contrast to the well-established function of the plasma membrane in plant cell expansion, little is known about the role of the vacuolar membrane (tonoplast) in this process. Results: It was found that under symmetrical 100 mM K+ and 100 μM cytoplasmic Ca2+ the macroscopic currents showed a typical slow activation and a strong outward rectification of the steady-state currents. The addition of IAA at a final concentration of 1 μM to the bath medium stimulated the SV currents, whereas at 0.1 and 10 μM slight inhibition of SV currents was observed. The time constant, decreased in the presence of this hormone. When single channels were analyzed, an increase in their activity was recorded with IAA compared to the control. The single-channel recordings that were obtained in the presence of IAA showed that auxin increased the amplitude of the single-channel currents. Interestingly, the addition of IAA to the bath medium with the same composition as the one that was used in the patch-clamp experiments showed that auxin decreased the volume of the vacuoles. Conclusions: It is suggested that the SV channels and the volume of red beet taproot vacuoles are modulated by auxin (IAA). © 2018 The Author(s).
2016
Kurtyka, R.; Pokora, W.; Tukaj, Z.; Karcz, W.
Effects of juglone and lawsone on oxidative stress in maize coleoptile cells treated with IAA Journal Article
In: AoB PLANTS, vol. 8, 2016, ISSN: 20412851, (16).
@article{2-s2.0-85016081207,
title = {Effects of juglone and lawsone on oxidative stress in maize coleoptile cells treated with IAA},
author = { R. Kurtyka and W. Pokora and Z. Tukaj and W. Karcz},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85016081207&doi=10.1093%2faobpla%2fplw073&partnerID=40&md5=5c587fc547e25b1e15221aea5c214717},
doi = {10.1093/aobpla/plw073},
issn = {20412851},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {AoB PLANTS},
volume = {8},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
abstract = {Naphthoquinones are secondary metabolites widely distributed in nature and produced by bacteria, fungi and higher plants. Their biological activity may result from induction of oxidative stress, caused by redox cycling or direct interaction with cellular macromolecules, in which quinones act as electrophiles. The redox homeostasis is known as one of factors involved in auxin-mediated plant growth regulation. To date, however, little is known about the crosstalk between reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by quinones and the plant growth hormone auxin (IAA). In this study, redox cycling properties of two naphthoquinones, juglone (5-hydroxy-1;4-naphthoquinone) and lawsone (2-hydroxy-1;4-naphthoquinone), were compared in experiments performed on maize coleoptile segments incubated with or without the addition of IAA. It was found that lawsone was much more effective than juglone in increasing both H2O2 production and the activity of antioxidative enzymes (SOD; POX and CAT) in coleoptile cells, regardless of the presence of IAA. An increase in the activity of Cu/Zn-SOD isoenzymes induced by both naphthoquinones suggests that juglone- and lawsone-generated H2O2 was primarily produced in the cytosolic and cell wall spaces. The cell potential to neutralize hydrogen peroxide, determined by POX and CAT activity, pointed to activity of catalase as the main enzymatic mechanism responsible for degradation of H2O2. Therefore, we assumed that generation of H2O2, induced more efficiently by LW than JG, was the major factor accounting for differences in the toxicity of naphthoquinones in maize coleoptiles. The role of auxin in the process appeared negligible. Moreover, the results suggested that oxidative stress imposed by JG and LW was one of mechanisms of allelopathic action of the studied quinones in plants. © The Authors 2016.},
note = {16},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Naphthoquinones are secondary metabolites widely distributed in nature and produced by bacteria, fungi and higher plants. Their biological activity may result from induction of oxidative stress, caused by redox cycling or direct interaction with cellular macromolecules, in which quinones act as electrophiles. The redox homeostasis is known as one of factors involved in auxin-mediated plant growth regulation. To date, however, little is known about the crosstalk between reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by quinones and the plant growth hormone auxin (IAA). In this study, redox cycling properties of two naphthoquinones, juglone (5-hydroxy-1;4-naphthoquinone) and lawsone (2-hydroxy-1;4-naphthoquinone), were compared in experiments performed on maize coleoptile segments incubated with or without the addition of IAA. It was found that lawsone was much more effective than juglone in increasing both H2O2 production and the activity of antioxidative enzymes (SOD; POX and CAT) in coleoptile cells, regardless of the presence of IAA. An increase in the activity of Cu/Zn-SOD isoenzymes induced by both naphthoquinones suggests that juglone- and lawsone-generated H2O2 was primarily produced in the cytosolic and cell wall spaces. The cell potential to neutralize hydrogen peroxide, determined by POX and CAT activity, pointed to activity of catalase as the main enzymatic mechanism responsible for degradation of H2O2. Therefore, we assumed that generation of H2O2, induced more efficiently by LW than JG, was the major factor accounting for differences in the toxicity of naphthoquinones in maize coleoptiles. The role of auxin in the process appeared negligible. Moreover, the results suggested that oxidative stress imposed by JG and LW was one of mechanisms of allelopathic action of the studied quinones in plants. © The Authors 2016.
Palowski, B. F.; Małkowska, E.; Kurtyka, R.; Szymanowska-Pułka, J.; Gucwa-Przepióra, E.; Małkowski, Ł.; Woźnica, A.; Małkowski, E.
In: Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 2085-2096, 2016, ISSN: 12301485, (4).
@article{2-s2.0-84992695558,
title = {Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in selected organs of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) and their potential use as air contamination bioindicators},
author = { B.F. Palowski and E. Małkowska and R. Kurtyka and J. Szymanowska-Pułka and E. Gucwa-Przepióra and Ł. Małkowski and A. Woźnica and E. Małkowski},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84992695558&doi=10.15244%2fpjoes%2f62641&partnerID=40&md5=3b5d4f2962a2474fd71235d35cb20d61},
doi = {10.15244/pjoes/62641},
issn = {12301485},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Polish Journal of Environmental Studies},
volume = {25},
number = {5},
pages = {2085-2096},
publisher = {HARD Publishing Company},
abstract = {We analyzed concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn in bark, leaves, young shoots, pericarp, and seeds of Robinia pseudoacacia from several sites (three industrial cities and two rural villages) in southern Poland. The objective of the study was to determine the possible usefulness of various organs and tissues of this species for biomonitoring. The analyses showed that bark and leaves are organs that may serve as good bioindicators. The lowest concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Zn were found in one of the industrial cities in the area. On the other hand, the concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Zn were similar in the rural areas when compared to the concentrations observed in the cities. The high level of metal contamination of air in rural areas may be a result of the long-range transport of emissions. Also, the use of bark and leaves of R. pseudoacacia enables us to estimate the level of contamination by Fe and Cu of areas in the vicinity of railway tracks. On the basis of the data presented in this paper and the data from references, a conclusion can be drawn that the bark and leaves of R. pseudoacacia are good bioindicators of metal contamination of air in towns and cities with different traffic intensities and within the surroundings of industrial plants and railway tracks. R. pseudoacacia was also used for the first time to assess the long-range transport of emissions. © 2016, HARD Publishing Company. All rights reserved.},
note = {4},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
We analyzed concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn in bark, leaves, young shoots, pericarp, and seeds of Robinia pseudoacacia from several sites (three industrial cities and two rural villages) in southern Poland. The objective of the study was to determine the possible usefulness of various organs and tissues of this species for biomonitoring. The analyses showed that bark and leaves are organs that may serve as good bioindicators. The lowest concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Zn were found in one of the industrial cities in the area. On the other hand, the concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Zn were similar in the rural areas when compared to the concentrations observed in the cities. The high level of metal contamination of air in rural areas may be a result of the long-range transport of emissions. Also, the use of bark and leaves of R. pseudoacacia enables us to estimate the level of contamination by Fe and Cu of areas in the vicinity of railway tracks. On the basis of the data presented in this paper and the data from references, a conclusion can be drawn that the bark and leaves of R. pseudoacacia are good bioindicators of metal contamination of air in towns and cities with different traffic intensities and within the surroundings of industrial plants and railway tracks. R. pseudoacacia was also used for the first time to assess the long-range transport of emissions. © 2016, HARD Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
2014
Burdach, Z.; Kurtyka, R.; Siemieniuk, A.; Karcz, W.
Role of chloride ions in the promotion of auxin-induced growth of maize coleoptile segments Journal Article
In: Annals of Botany, vol. 114, no. 5, pp. 1023-1034, 2014, ISSN: 03057364, (18).
@article{2-s2.0-84922881434,
title = {Role of chloride ions in the promotion of auxin-induced growth of maize coleoptile segments},
author = { Z. Burdach and R. Kurtyka and A. Siemieniuk and W. Karcz},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84922881434&doi=10.1093%2faob%2fmcu170&partnerID=40&md5=7ef4c10f60d347b453e47c8f373ba816},
doi = {10.1093/aob/mcu170},
issn = {03057364},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Annals of Botany},
volume = {114},
number = {5},
pages = {1023-1034},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
abstract = {Background and Aims: The mechanism of auxin action on ion transport in growing cells has not been determined in detail. In particular, little is known about the role of chloride in the auxin-induced growth of coleoptile cells. Moreover, the data that do exist in the literature are controversial. This study describes experiments that were carried out with maize (Zea mays) coleoptile segments, this being a classical model system for studies of plant cell elongation growth. • Methods: Growth kinetics or growth and pH changes were recorded in maize coleoptiles using two independent measuring systems. The growth rate of the segments was measured simultaneously with medium pH changes. Membrane potential changes in parenchymal cells of the segments were also determined for chosen variants. The question of whether anion transport is involved in auxin-induced growth of maize coleoptile segmentswas primarily studied using anion channel blockers [anthracene-9-carboxylic acid (A-9-C) and 4;4' -diisothiocyanatostilbene-2;2'-disulphonic acid (DIDS)]. In addition, experiments in which KCl was replaced by KNO3 were also performed. • Key Results: Both anion channel blockers, added at 0.1 mM, diminished indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-induced elongation growth by ∼ 30%. Medium pH changes measured simultaneously with growth indicated that while DIDS stopped IAA-induced proton extrusion, A-9-C diminished it by only 50%. Addition of A-9-C to medium containing 1 mM KCl did not affect the characteristic kinetics of IAA-induced membrane potential changes, while in the presence of 10 mM KCl the channel blocker stopped IAA-induced membrane hyperpolarization. Replacement of KCl with KNO3 significantly decreased IAA-induced growth and inhibited proton extrusion. In contrast to the KCl concentration, the concentration of KNO3 did not affect the growth-stimulatory effect of IAA. For comparison, the effects of the cation channel blocker tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA-Cl) on IAA-induced growth and proton extrusion were also determined. TEA-Cl, added 1 h before IAA, caused reduction of growth by 49.9% and inhibition of proton extrusion. • Conclusions: These results suggest that Cl - plays a role in the IAA-induced growth of maize coleoptile segments. A possible mechanism for Cl- uptake during IAA-induced growth is proposed in which uptake of K+ and Cl- ions in concert with IAA-induced plasma membrane H+ -ATPase activity changes the membrane potential to a value needed for turgor adjustment during the growth of maize coleoptile cells. © The Author 2014.},
note = {18},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Background and Aims: The mechanism of auxin action on ion transport in growing cells has not been determined in detail. In particular, little is known about the role of chloride in the auxin-induced growth of coleoptile cells. Moreover, the data that do exist in the literature are controversial. This study describes experiments that were carried out with maize (Zea mays) coleoptile segments, this being a classical model system for studies of plant cell elongation growth. • Methods: Growth kinetics or growth and pH changes were recorded in maize coleoptiles using two independent measuring systems. The growth rate of the segments was measured simultaneously with medium pH changes. Membrane potential changes in parenchymal cells of the segments were also determined for chosen variants. The question of whether anion transport is involved in auxin-induced growth of maize coleoptile segmentswas primarily studied using anion channel blockers [anthracene-9-carboxylic acid (A-9-C) and 4;4' -diisothiocyanatostilbene-2;2'-disulphonic acid (DIDS)]. In addition, experiments in which KCl was replaced by KNO3 were also performed. • Key Results: Both anion channel blockers, added at 0.1 mM, diminished indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-induced elongation growth by ∼ 30%. Medium pH changes measured simultaneously with growth indicated that while DIDS stopped IAA-induced proton extrusion, A-9-C diminished it by only 50%. Addition of A-9-C to medium containing 1 mM KCl did not affect the characteristic kinetics of IAA-induced membrane potential changes, while in the presence of 10 mM KCl the channel blocker stopped IAA-induced membrane hyperpolarization. Replacement of KCl with KNO3 significantly decreased IAA-induced growth and inhibited proton extrusion. In contrast to the KCl concentration, the concentration of KNO3 did not affect the growth-stimulatory effect of IAA. For comparison, the effects of the cation channel blocker tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA-Cl) on IAA-induced growth and proton extrusion were also determined. TEA-Cl, added 1 h before IAA, caused reduction of growth by 49.9% and inhibition of proton extrusion. • Conclusions: These results suggest that Cl - plays a role in the IAA-induced growth of maize coleoptile segments. A possible mechanism for Cl- uptake during IAA-induced growth is proposed in which uptake of K+ and Cl- ions in concert with IAA-induced plasma membrane H+ -ATPase activity changes the membrane potential to a value needed for turgor adjustment during the growth of maize coleoptile cells. © The Author 2014.
2013
Gucwa-Przepióra, E.; Błaszkowski, J.; Kurtyka, R.; Makowskil, L.; Małkowski, E.
Arbuscular mycorrhiza of Deschampsia cespitosa (Poaceae) at different soil depths in highly metal-contaminated site in southern Poland Journal Article
In: Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, vol. 82, no. 4, pp. 251-258, 2013, ISSN: 00016977, (15).
@article{2-s2.0-84892398846,
title = {Arbuscular mycorrhiza of Deschampsia cespitosa (Poaceae) at different soil depths in highly metal-contaminated site in southern Poland},
author = { E. Gucwa-Przepióra and J. Błaszkowski and R. Kurtyka and L. Makowskil and E. Małkowski},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84892398846&doi=10.5586%2fasbp.2013.033&partnerID=40&md5=ab0b003cc0a59535a68219e98884b43c},
doi = {10.5586/asbp.2013.033},
issn = {00016977},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae},
volume = {82},
number = {4},
pages = {251-258},
publisher = {Polish Botanical Society},
abstract = {This study presents root colonization of Deschampsia cespitosa growing in the immediate vicinity of a former Pb/Zn smelter by arbuscular mycorhizal fungi (AMF) and dark septated endophytes (DSE) at different soil depths. AMF spores and species distribution in soil profile were also assessed. Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) and DSE were found in D. cespitosa roots at all investigated soil levels. However, mycorrhizal colonization in topsoil was extremely low with sporadically occurring arbuscules. AM parameters: frequency of mycorrhization of root fragments (F%), intensity of root cortex colonization (M%), intensity of colonization within individual mycorrhizal roots (m%), and arbuscule abundance in the root system (A%) were markedly higher at 20-40, 40-60 cm soil levels and differed in a statistically significant manner from AM parameters from 0-10 and 10-20 cm layers. Mycorrhizal colonization was negatively correlated with bioavailable Cd, Pb and Zn concentrations. The number of AMF spores in topsoil was verlow and increased with soil depth (20-40 and 40-60 cm). At the study area spores of three morphologically distinctive AMF species were found: Archaeospora trappei, Funneliformis mosseae and Scutellospora dipurpurescens. The fourth species Glomus tenue colonized roots of D. cespitosa and was observed in the root cortex at 20-40 and 40-60 soil depth, however, its spores were not found at the site.©The Author(s) 2013 Published by Polish Botanical Society.},
note = {15},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This study presents root colonization of Deschampsia cespitosa growing in the immediate vicinity of a former Pb/Zn smelter by arbuscular mycorhizal fungi (AMF) and dark septated endophytes (DSE) at different soil depths. AMF spores and species distribution in soil profile were also assessed. Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) and DSE were found in D. cespitosa roots at all investigated soil levels. However, mycorrhizal colonization in topsoil was extremely low with sporadically occurring arbuscules. AM parameters: frequency of mycorrhization of root fragments (F%), intensity of root cortex colonization (M%), intensity of colonization within individual mycorrhizal roots (m%), and arbuscule abundance in the root system (A%) were markedly higher at 20-40, 40-60 cm soil levels and differed in a statistically significant manner from AM parameters from 0-10 and 10-20 cm layers. Mycorrhizal colonization was negatively correlated with bioavailable Cd, Pb and Zn concentrations. The number of AMF spores in topsoil was verlow and increased with soil depth (20-40 and 40-60 cm). At the study area spores of three morphologically distinctive AMF species were found: Archaeospora trappei, Funneliformis mosseae and Scutellospora dipurpurescens. The fourth species Glomus tenue colonized roots of D. cespitosa and was observed in the root cortex at 20-40 and 40-60 soil depth, however, its spores were not found at the site.©The Author(s) 2013 Published by Polish Botanical Society.
2012
Kurtyka, R.; Małkowski, E.; Burdach, Z.; Kita, A.; Karcz, W.
Interactive effects of temperature and heavy metals (Cd, Pb) on the elongation growth in maize coleoptiles Journal Article
In: Comptes Rendus - Biologies, vol. 335, no. 4, pp. 292-299, 2012, ISSN: 16310691, (7).
@article{2-s2.0-84861099047,
title = {Interactive effects of temperature and heavy metals (Cd, Pb) on the elongation growth in maize coleoptiles},
author = { R. Kurtyka and E. Małkowski and Z. Burdach and A. Kita and W. Karcz},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84861099047&doi=10.1016%2fj.crvi.2012.03.012&partnerID=40&md5=4346ff3f622d042a44a2211c75624cb4},
doi = {10.1016/j.crvi.2012.03.012},
issn = {16310691},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Comptes Rendus - Biologies},
volume = {335},
number = {4},
pages = {292-299},
abstract = {The effect of Cd and Pb on endogenous and IAA-induced elongation growth and medium pH of maize coleoptile segments incubated at 20, 25 and 30 °C was studied. It was found that the elongation of coleoptile segments and proton extrusion increased with the temperature and reached its maximum at 30 °C. For Cd, the maximal inhibition of endogenous and IAA-induced growth as well as medium acidification of coleoptile segments was observed at 25 °C. Meanwhile, Pb, irrespective of the temperature, diminished the growth of the segments by ca. 20%, increasing the acidification of the incubation medium. It was also found that in contrast to Cd, Pb accumulation in maize coleoptile segments did not correlate with temperature. The results suggest that the toxic effect of Cd on elongation growth of coleoptile segments is connected with the decrease of the PM H +-ATPase activity and probably with Cd-induced high acivity of IAA oxidase, whereas the effect of Pb did not depend on activity of any of the enzymes. © 2012 Académie des sciences.},
note = {7},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The effect of Cd and Pb on endogenous and IAA-induced elongation growth and medium pH of maize coleoptile segments incubated at 20, 25 and 30 °C was studied. It was found that the elongation of coleoptile segments and proton extrusion increased with the temperature and reached its maximum at 30 °C. For Cd, the maximal inhibition of endogenous and IAA-induced growth as well as medium acidification of coleoptile segments was observed at 25 °C. Meanwhile, Pb, irrespective of the temperature, diminished the growth of the segments by ca. 20%, increasing the acidification of the incubation medium. It was also found that in contrast to Cd, Pb accumulation in maize coleoptile segments did not correlate with temperature. The results suggest that the toxic effect of Cd on elongation growth of coleoptile segments is connected with the decrease of the PM H +-ATPase activity and probably with Cd-induced high acivity of IAA oxidase, whereas the effect of Pb did not depend on activity of any of the enzymes. © 2012 Académie des sciences.
2011
Kurtyka, R.; Kita, A.; Karcz, W.
Fusicoccin counteracts the toxic effect of cadmium on the growth of maize coleoptile segments Journal Article
In: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 568-577, 2011, ISSN: 00904341, (15).
@article{2-s2.0-81755171203,
title = {Fusicoccin counteracts the toxic effect of cadmium on the growth of maize coleoptile segments},
author = { R. Kurtyka and A. Kita and W. Karcz},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-81755171203&doi=10.1007%2fs00244-011-9662-2&partnerID=40&md5=4a1349e5ff8e2335f2c1ddcb81ccd1d2},
doi = {10.1007/s00244-011-9662-2},
issn = {00904341},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology},
volume = {61},
number = {4},
pages = {568-577},
abstract = {The effects of cadmium (Cd; 0.1-1000 μM) and fusicoccin (FC) on growth, Cd 2+ content, and membrane potential (E m) in maize coleoptile segments were studied. In addition, the E m changes and accumulation of Cd and calcium (Ca) in coleoptile segments treated with Cd 2+ combined with 1 μM FC or 30 mM tetraethylammonium (TEA) chloride (K +-channel blocker) were also determined. In this study, the effects of Ca 2+-channel blockers [lanthanum (La) and verapamil (Ver)] on growth and content of Cd 2+ and Ca 2+ in coleoptile segments were also investigated. It was found that Cd at high concentrations (100 and 1000 μM) significantly inhibited endogenous growth of coleoptile segments and simultaneously measured proton extrusion. FC combined with Cd 2+ counteracted the toxic effect of Cd 2+ on endogenous growth and significantly decreased Cd 2+ content (not the case for Cd 2+ at the highest concentration) in coleoptile segments. Addition of Cd to the control medium caused depolarization of E m, the extent of which was dependent on Cd concentration and time of treatment with Cd 2+. Hyperpolarization of E m induced by FC was suppressed in the presence of Cd 2+ at 1000 μM but not Cd 2+ at 100 μM. It was also found that treatment of maize coleoptile segments with 30 mM TEA chloride caused hyperpolarization of E m and decreased Cd 2+ content in coleoptile segments, suggesting that, in the same way as for FC, accumulation of Cd 2+ was dependent on plasma membrane (PM) hyperpolarization. Similar to FC, TEA chloride also decreased Ca 2+ content in coleoptile segments. La and Ver combined with Cd 2+ (100 μM) significantly decreased Cd content in maize coleoptile segments, but only La completely abolished the toxic effect of Cd 2+ on endogenous growth and growth in the presence of FC. Taken together, these results suggest that the mechanism by which FC counteracts the toxic effect of Cd 2+ (except at 1000 μM Cd 2+) on the growth of maize coleoptile segments involves both stimulation of PM H +-ATPase activity by FC as well as Cd 2+-permeable, voltage-dependent Ca channels, which are blocked by FC and TEA chloride-induced PM hyperpolarization. © 2011 The Author(s).},
note = {15},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The effects of cadmium (Cd; 0.1-1000 μM) and fusicoccin (FC) on growth, Cd 2+ content, and membrane potential (E m) in maize coleoptile segments were studied. In addition, the E m changes and accumulation of Cd and calcium (Ca) in coleoptile segments treated with Cd 2+ combined with 1 μM FC or 30 mM tetraethylammonium (TEA) chloride (K +-channel blocker) were also determined. In this study, the effects of Ca 2+-channel blockers [lanthanum (La) and verapamil (Ver)] on growth and content of Cd 2+ and Ca 2+ in coleoptile segments were also investigated. It was found that Cd at high concentrations (100 and 1000 μM) significantly inhibited endogenous growth of coleoptile segments and simultaneously measured proton extrusion. FC combined with Cd 2+ counteracted the toxic effect of Cd 2+ on endogenous growth and significantly decreased Cd 2+ content (not the case for Cd 2+ at the highest concentration) in coleoptile segments. Addition of Cd to the control medium caused depolarization of E m, the extent of which was dependent on Cd concentration and time of treatment with Cd 2+. Hyperpolarization of E m induced by FC was suppressed in the presence of Cd 2+ at 1000 μM but not Cd 2+ at 100 μM. It was also found that treatment of maize coleoptile segments with 30 mM TEA chloride caused hyperpolarization of E m and decreased Cd 2+ content in coleoptile segments, suggesting that, in the same way as for FC, accumulation of Cd 2+ was dependent on plasma membrane (PM) hyperpolarization. Similar to FC, TEA chloride also decreased Ca 2+ content in coleoptile segments. La and Ver combined with Cd 2+ (100 μM) significantly decreased Cd content in maize coleoptile segments, but only La completely abolished the toxic effect of Cd 2+ on endogenous growth and growth in the presence of FC. Taken together, these results suggest that the mechanism by which FC counteracts the toxic effect of Cd 2+ (except at 1000 μM Cd 2+) on the growth of maize coleoptile segments involves both stimulation of PM H +-ATPase activity by FC as well as Cd 2+-permeable, voltage-dependent Ca channels, which are blocked by FC and TEA chloride-induced PM hyperpolarization. © 2011 The Author(s).
Kurtyka, R.; Burdach, Z.; Karcz, W.
Temperature dependence of growth in maize seedlings and excised coleoptile segments Journal Article
In: Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 1221-1225, 2011, ISSN: 12301485, (4).
@article{2-s2.0-80054026320,
title = {Temperature dependence of growth in maize seedlings and excised coleoptile segments},
author = { R. Kurtyka and Z. Burdach and W. Karcz},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80054026320&partnerID=40&md5=81d96c75404438c30eec0a973b6ba843},
issn = {12301485},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Polish Journal of Environmental Studies},
volume = {20},
number = {5},
pages = {1221-1225},
abstract = {The effect of temperature in the range 22-32°C and 25-40°C on elongation growth of maize seedlings and coleoptiles excised from them was studied, respectively. It was found that elongation of maize seedling's organs (root; mesocotyl and coleoptile) increased with increasing temperature in the range 22-32°C. However, when coleoptile segments excised from seedlings grown at highest temperature (32°C) were incubated at various temperatures (25; 30; 35; and 40°C) and in the presence of IAA their elongation growth was always lower compared to segments excised from seedlings grown at 22 and 27°C. Simultaneous measurements of elongation growth and external medium pH indicated that proton extrusion increased with increasing medium temperature from 25 to 35°C. The results presented here show that the temperatures at which the maize seedlings were cultivated are crucial for temperature dependence of a coleoptile segment's elongation growth.},
note = {4},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The effect of temperature in the range 22-32°C and 25-40°C on elongation growth of maize seedlings and coleoptiles excised from them was studied, respectively. It was found that elongation of maize seedling's organs (root; mesocotyl and coleoptile) increased with increasing temperature in the range 22-32°C. However, when coleoptile segments excised from seedlings grown at highest temperature (32°C) were incubated at various temperatures (25; 30; 35; and 40°C) and in the presence of IAA their elongation growth was always lower compared to segments excised from seedlings grown at 22 and 27°C. Simultaneous measurements of elongation growth and external medium pH indicated that proton extrusion increased with increasing medium temperature from 25 to 35°C. The results presented here show that the temperatures at which the maize seedlings were cultivated are crucial for temperature dependence of a coleoptile segment's elongation growth.
Kurtyka, R.; Burdach, Z.; Karcz, W.
Effect of cadmium and lead on the membrane potential and photoelectric reaction of Nitellopsis obtusa cells Journal Article
In: General Physiology and Biophysics, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 52-58, 2011, ISSN: 02315882, (12).
@article{2-s2.0-79953688700,
title = {Effect of cadmium and lead on the membrane potential and photoelectric reaction of Nitellopsis obtusa cells},
author = { R. Kurtyka and Z. Burdach and W. Karcz},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79953688700&doi=10.4149%2fgpb_2011_01_52&partnerID=40&md5=a317763ee317c849a0eafef55067489b},
doi = {10.4149/gpb_2011_01_52},
issn = {02315882},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {General Physiology and Biophysics},
volume = {30},
number = {1},
pages = {52-58},
abstract = {The effects of Cd and Pb on membrane potential (Em) and photoelectric reaction of Nitellopsis obtusa cells were investigated. It was found that Cd and Pb at 1.0 mM caused a depolarization of the Em, whereas both metals at lower concentrations changed the Em in a different way. Pb at 0.1 mM and 0.01 mM hyperpolarized the Em, whereas Cd at the same concentrations depolarized and did not change the E m, respectively. In the presence of 0.01 mM Pb, the light-induced hyperpolarization of the Em was by 18% higher as compared to the control, whereas at 1.0 mM Pb it was by 40% lower. Pb at 0.1 mM and Cd at 0.01 mM or 5 x 0.01 mM did not change the light-induced membrane hyperpolarization. However, in the presence of Cd at 0.1 mM and 1.0 mM this hyperpolarization was 2-fold lower or was completely abolished, respectively. These results suggest that at high Cd and Pb concentrations both depolarization of the Em and decrease of light-induced membrane hyperpolarization in Nitellopsis obtusa cells are probably due to inhibition of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity, whereas both metals at lower concentrations differ in mechanism of membrane potential changes.},
note = {12},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The effects of Cd and Pb on membrane potential (Em) and photoelectric reaction of Nitellopsis obtusa cells were investigated. It was found that Cd and Pb at 1.0 mM caused a depolarization of the Em, whereas both metals at lower concentrations changed the Em in a different way. Pb at 0.1 mM and 0.01 mM hyperpolarized the Em, whereas Cd at the same concentrations depolarized and did not change the E m, respectively. In the presence of 0.01 mM Pb, the light-induced hyperpolarization of the Em was by 18% higher as compared to the control, whereas at 1.0 mM Pb it was by 40% lower. Pb at 0.1 mM and Cd at 0.01 mM or 5 x 0.01 mM did not change the light-induced membrane hyperpolarization. However, in the presence of Cd at 0.1 mM and 1.0 mM this hyperpolarization was 2-fold lower or was completely abolished, respectively. These results suggest that at high Cd and Pb concentrations both depolarization of the Em and decrease of light-induced membrane hyperpolarization in Nitellopsis obtusa cells are probably due to inhibition of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity, whereas both metals at lower concentrations differ in mechanism of membrane potential changes.
2008
Kurtyka, R.; Małkowski, E.; Kita, A.; Karcz, W.
Effect of calcium and cadmium on growth and accumulation of cadmium, calcium, potassium and sodium in maize seedlings Journal Article
In: Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 51-56, 2008, ISSN: 12301485, (43).
@article{2-s2.0-38949197090,
title = {Effect of calcium and cadmium on growth and accumulation of cadmium, calcium, potassium and sodium in maize seedlings},
author = { R. Kurtyka and E. Małkowski and A. Kita and W. Karcz},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-38949197090&partnerID=40&md5=82815e4249ff6d2a432ee031e3d217bc},
issn = {12301485},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Polish Journal of Environmental Studies},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {51-56},
abstract = {We examined cadmium (0.1 mmol/1) toxicity and effect of different calcium concentrations (0.1;1.0; and 10.0 mmol/1) on the growth of organs (root; mesocotyl and coleoptile) of 4-day-old maize seedlings in hydroponic cultures. The influence of both metals on distribution of cadmium, calcium, potassium and sodium in the organs of maize seedlings was also studied. Calcium at a concentration of 1.0 mmol/l increased the growth of all organs in comparison with the growth in 0.1 and 10.0 mmol/ l CaCl2. Cadmium inhibited maize organ growth in the presence of 0.1 and 1.0 mmol/l CaCl2. whereas cadmium toxicity was not observed at 10.0 mmol/l CaCl2. It was found that the content of both metals in maize seedling organs rose with increasing concentrations of Ca or Cd in the hydroponic solutions. Cadmium administration together with 10.0 mmol/l CaCl2 led to an increase in calcium concentrations in roots and coleoptiles. The highest calcium concentration (10.0 mmol/1) caused a decrease in the cadmium concentration in roots. The addition of cadmium with 0.1 or 1.0 mmol/l CaCl2 diminished potassium accumulation in the roots. By contrast, potassium content in the roots was not altered by cadmium when calcium was applied at a concentration of 10.0 mmol/l CaCl2. Sodium content in maize seedlings was not affected in the presence of both cadmium and calcium at a concentration of 0.1 or 1.0 mmol/l. whereas cadmium with 10.0 mmol/l CaCl2 decreased sodium accumulation in the roots. Thus, we conclude that the positive effect of highest concentration of calcium on the growth in the presence of Cd relay on the maintenance of high concentration of potassium in the roots.},
note = {43},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
We examined cadmium (0.1 mmol/1) toxicity and effect of different calcium concentrations (0.1;1.0; and 10.0 mmol/1) on the growth of organs (root; mesocotyl and coleoptile) of 4-day-old maize seedlings in hydroponic cultures. The influence of both metals on distribution of cadmium, calcium, potassium and sodium in the organs of maize seedlings was also studied. Calcium at a concentration of 1.0 mmol/l increased the growth of all organs in comparison with the growth in 0.1 and 10.0 mmol/ l CaCl2. Cadmium inhibited maize organ growth in the presence of 0.1 and 1.0 mmol/l CaCl2. whereas cadmium toxicity was not observed at 10.0 mmol/l CaCl2. It was found that the content of both metals in maize seedling organs rose with increasing concentrations of Ca or Cd in the hydroponic solutions. Cadmium administration together with 10.0 mmol/l CaCl2 led to an increase in calcium concentrations in roots and coleoptiles. The highest calcium concentration (10.0 mmol/1) caused a decrease in the cadmium concentration in roots. The addition of cadmium with 0.1 or 1.0 mmol/l CaCl2 diminished potassium accumulation in the roots. By contrast, potassium content in the roots was not altered by cadmium when calcium was applied at a concentration of 10.0 mmol/l CaCl2. Sodium content in maize seedlings was not affected in the presence of both cadmium and calcium at a concentration of 0.1 or 1.0 mmol/l. whereas cadmium with 10.0 mmol/l CaCl2 decreased sodium accumulation in the roots. Thus, we conclude that the positive effect of highest concentration of calcium on the growth in the presence of Cd relay on the maintenance of high concentration of potassium in the roots.
2007
Karcz, W.; Kurtyka, R.
Effect of cadmium on growth, proton extrusion and membrane potential in maize coleoptile segments Journal Article
In: Biologia Plantarum, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 713-719, 2007, ISSN: 00063134, (39).
@article{2-s2.0-36448954684,
title = {Effect of cadmium on growth, proton extrusion and membrane potential in maize coleoptile segments},
author = { W. Karcz and R. Kurtyka},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-36448954684&doi=10.1007%2fs10535-007-0147-0&partnerID=40&md5=ee785612d5a5ef5bb8bb65233cf2a9ab},
doi = {10.1007/s10535-007-0147-0},
issn = {00063134},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Biologia Plantarum},
volume = {51},
number = {4},
pages = {713-719},
abstract = {Cd accumulation, its effects on elongation growth of maize coleoptile segments, pH changes of their incubation medium and the membrane potential of parenchymal cells were studied. The Cd content increased significantly with exposure to increasing cadmium concentrations. Coleoptile segments accumulated the metal more efficiently in the range 10-100 μM Cd, than in the range 100-1000 μM Cd. Cd at concentrations higher than 1.0 μM produced a significant inhibition of both growth and proton extrusion. 100 μM Cd caused depolarization of the plasma membrane (PM) potential in parenchymal cells. The simultaneous treatment of maize coleoptile segments by indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and Cd, counteracted the toxic effect of Cd on growth. Moreover, our data also showed that 100 μM Cd suppressed the characteristic IAA-induced hyperpolarization of the membrane potential, causing membrane depolarization. These results indicate that the toxic effect of Cd on growth of maize coleoptile segments might be, at least in part, caused via reduced PM H+-ATPase activity. © 2007 Institute of Experimental Botany, ASCR.},
note = {39},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Cd accumulation, its effects on elongation growth of maize coleoptile segments, pH changes of their incubation medium and the membrane potential of parenchymal cells were studied. The Cd content increased significantly with exposure to increasing cadmium concentrations. Coleoptile segments accumulated the metal more efficiently in the range 10-100 μM Cd, than in the range 100-1000 μM Cd. Cd at concentrations higher than 1.0 μM produced a significant inhibition of both growth and proton extrusion. 100 μM Cd caused depolarization of the plasma membrane (PM) potential in parenchymal cells. The simultaneous treatment of maize coleoptile segments by indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and Cd, counteracted the toxic effect of Cd on growth. Moreover, our data also showed that 100 μM Cd suppressed the characteristic IAA-induced hyperpolarization of the membrane potential, causing membrane depolarization. These results indicate that the toxic effect of Cd on growth of maize coleoptile segments might be, at least in part, caused via reduced PM H+-ATPase activity. © 2007 Institute of Experimental Botany, ASCR.
2005
Małkowski, E.; Kurtyka, R.; Kita, A.; Karcz, W.
Accumulation of Pb and Cd and its effect of Ca distribution in maize seedlings (Zea mays L.) Journal Article
In: Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 203-207, 2005, ISSN: 12301485, (25).
@article{2-s2.0-14944385530,
title = {Accumulation of Pb and Cd and its effect of Ca distribution in maize seedlings (Zea mays L.)},
author = { E. Małkowski and R. Kurtyka and A. Kita and W. Karcz},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-14944385530&partnerID=40&md5=df72ebdd5442e3f27ed9b931bce1254b},
issn = {12301485},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
journal = {Polish Journal of Environmental Studies},
volume = {14},
number = {2},
pages = {203-207},
abstract = {In the present study the accumulation of Pb and Cd in maize seedlings (Zea mays L.; cv. K33 × F2) and its effect on the content of Ca in their organs were investigated. The influence of both metals on dry weight yield was also studied. Concentrations of Pb, Cd and Ca were measured in 15 mm-long apical root segments as well as in whole mesocotyls and coleoptiles after 24 h of incubation of seedlings in hydroponic solutions. It was observed that in Pb- or Cd-treated maize seedlings the dry weight of root apical segments was markedly increased, whereas in the shoots it was less affected. It was also found that the content of both metals in maize seedling organs rose with increasing concentrations of Pb or Cd in the hydroponic solutions. The highest concentrations of both metals were observed in roots, in which the accumulation of Pb was 10-fold higher than that of Cd. By contrast, higher accumulation of Cd than Pb was found in mesocotyl and coleoptile. These data suggest that the mechanisms of Pb and Cd translocation from roots to shoots are different and that the accumulation of Ca in roots and its translocation to shoots was less affected by Pb than Cd.},
note = {25},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In the present study the accumulation of Pb and Cd in maize seedlings (Zea mays L.; cv. K33 × F2) and its effect on the content of Ca in their organs were investigated. The influence of both metals on dry weight yield was also studied. Concentrations of Pb, Cd and Ca were measured in 15 mm-long apical root segments as well as in whole mesocotyls and coleoptiles after 24 h of incubation of seedlings in hydroponic solutions. It was observed that in Pb- or Cd-treated maize seedlings the dry weight of root apical segments was markedly increased, whereas in the shoots it was less affected. It was also found that the content of both metals in maize seedling organs rose with increasing concentrations of Pb or Cd in the hydroponic solutions. The highest concentrations of both metals were observed in roots, in which the accumulation of Pb was 10-fold higher than that of Cd. By contrast, higher accumulation of Cd than Pb was found in mesocotyl and coleoptile. These data suggest that the mechanisms of Pb and Cd translocation from roots to shoots are different and that the accumulation of Ca in roots and its translocation to shoots was less affected by Pb than Cd.
1995
Karcz, W.; Stolarek, J.; Lekacz, H.; Kurtyka, R.; Burdach, Z.
Comparative investigation of auxin and fusicoccin-induced growth and H+-extrusion in coleoptile segments of Zea mays L. Journal Article
In: Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 3-8, 1995, ISSN: 01375881, (21).
@article{2-s2.0-0029167655,
title = {Comparative investigation of auxin and fusicoccin-induced growth and H+-extrusion in coleoptile segments of Zea mays L.},
author = { W. Karcz and J. Stolarek and H. Lekacz and R. Kurtyka and Z. Burdach},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0029167655&partnerID=40&md5=7755bf1251e0f139cd47c60d5d3428b4},
issn = {01375881},
year = {1995},
date = {1995-01-01},
journal = {Acta Physiologiae Plantarum},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {3-8},
abstract = {[No abstract available]},
note = {21},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
[No abstract available]