@article{2-s2.0-85175477429,

title = {Do variations in anomalous mortality in Europe in fall and winter of 2019–2020 tell us anything on the timing of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak?},

author = { P. Śleszyński and S. Kurek and R. Krzysztofik and J.W. Owsiński},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85175477429&doi=10.1002%2fpsp.2724&partnerID=40&md5=d4d9b3dd7b9476f2b63fdb97ba219370},

doi = {10.1002/psp.2724},

issn = {15448444},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Population, Space and Place},

volume = {30},

number = {1},

publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Ltd},

abstract = {The present study makes a part of the already ample discussion on the subject of identification of the beginnings of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) coronavirus pandemics in the world and considers the following question: do the anomalies in death rates in the earlier periods bring any new knowledge of the subject? With the ultimate purpose of answering this question, spatial differences are analysed of excess mortality for the first time at such a detailed spatial scale in Europe. As it is known, according to current knowledge, a strong increase in coronavirus disease-2019 mortality occurred in Lombardy, Italy, from about mid-March (Week 11–12 of 2020), followed by Spain and Belgium. It was decided, in the context of the present study, to see if similarly strong mortality anomalies, not assigned to this factor, were not present earlier. This could constitute circumstantial evidence that SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus was present in Europe on a much larger scale earlier than it is commonly believed. The study, therefore, looks at whether there were local outbreaks of elevated deaths between November 2019 and March 2020. The analysis used available Eurostat data for 34 European countries according to the NUTS1, NUTS2 and NUTS3 divisions based on 918 units with more than 100,000 inhabitants. The number of deaths was analysed over consecutive 24 weeks of autumn–winter (7 October 2019–22 March 2020; i.e.; W41-2019 to W12-2020) and were compared with the respective data for the 3-year reference period 2016–2018. The method used identifies geographically concentrated areas with excess deaths over short periods relative to the reference period. It was shown that 44 regions between W41-2019 and W08-2020 (i.e.; before February 23) had elevated mortality (115% or more relative to the reference period). In the 44 NUTS3 regions mentioned, excess deaths during the autumn–winter period amounted to 96,000–126,000 when compared with the 2016–2018 baseline period (mainly in Spain; France; Italy; United Kingdom). It cannot be excluded that to some extent this could have been due to SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infections. To confirm or deny this more clearly, detailed studies of the recorded causes of death in the indicated 44 regions are needed. © 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85174729918,

title = {In memory of Stanislav Martinát (1976-2023)},

author = { B. Frantál and S. Bartke and J. Chodkowska-Miszczuk and O. Golubchikov and B. Greer-Wootten and P. Klapka and P. Klusáček and R. Krzysztofik and M. Kulla and M. Ondráčková and M.J. Pasqualetti and D.V.D. Horst},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85174729918&doi=10.2478%2fmgr-2023-0016&partnerID=40&md5=d7be00ced45989c4f6c424d8d9b43403},

doi = {10.2478/mgr-2023-0016},

issn = {12108812},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Moravian Geographical Reports},

volume = {31},

number = {3},

pages = {174-181},

publisher = {Sciendo},

abstract = {On Sunday, August 13, 2023, Stanislav Martinát - a respected Czech geographer and member of the Editorial Board of Moravian Geographical Reports journal - died after a short serious illness at the age of 47. Despite his relatively young age, Stanislav Martinát was one of the most productive and the most cited Czech geographers. He is the author or coauthor of over 100 peer-reviewed articles, of which more than 70 were published in journals indexed in the Web of Science database. This article is a collection of personal memories from people from different workplaces from several countries who had the opportunity to work with Stanislav (Standa) and to share a part of their life stage with him. © 2023 Bohumil Frantál et al., published by Sciendo.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85165122821,

title = {Planning Recreation around Water Bodies in Two Hard Coal Post-Mining Areas in Southern Poland},

author = { I. Kantor-Pietraga and R. Krzysztofik and M. Solarski},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85165122821&doi=10.3390%2fsu151310607&partnerID=40&md5=67c3bb48894af9f47748a513ca876bdd},

doi = {10.3390/su151310607},

issn = {20711050},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Sustainability (Switzerland)},

volume = {15},

number = {13},

publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)},

abstract = {Green and blue infrastructure is a unique aspect of sustainable development in post-industrial and post-mining cities. The article examines the issue of the characteristic post-mining lake district in one of Europe’s largest urban and hard coal mining regions—the Katowice Conurbation in Southern Poland. This article aims to clarify the conditions and problems of developing post-mining water bodies as an element of blue and green infrastructure, with a particular focus on the issue of developing recreational functions. The latter aspect was analyzed using extensive CAVI (Computer-Assisted Web Interview)/CATI (Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing) surveys conducted among residents, in-depth stakeholder interviews, and strategic and planning document analysis. This research confirmed that residents and local authorities treat post-mining reservoirs as necessary for creating green and blue infrastructure. Recreational functions were perceived as one of the elements of urban policy, in which the preservation of valuable ecosystems created around reservoirs has the same place. An essential element of the research findings is also the typology of post-mining reservoirs presented here, which allows for a better understanding of the development dilemmas of these areas in a highly urbanized and post-mining area. © 2023 by the authors.},

note = {3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85161614036,

title = {Green Infrastructure as an Effective Tool for Urban Adaptation—Solutions from a Big City in a Postindustrial Region},

author = { M. Janiszek and R. Krzysztofik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85161614036&doi=10.3390%2fsu15118928&partnerID=40&md5=7588e416f44d48ee85b9e403efc4d875},

doi = {10.3390/su15118928},

issn = {20711050},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Sustainability (Switzerland)},

volume = {15},

number = {11},

publisher = {MDPI},

abstract = {Adaptation to climate change is becoming one of the main paradigms for how cities function and develop. The significant role of green infrastructure (GI) as a tool for cities to adapt to climate change is increasingly emphasized among practitioners of spatial planning and in the research literature. Thus, despite the local impact, green infrastructure planning necessitates the creation of a holistic and integrated city management system. The aim of the article is to identify the effects generated by projects implemented in the field of green infrastructure in big cities of post-industrial regions and to formulate determinants and barriers limiting the strengthening of cities’ adaptive capacity to climate change. In the methodological dimension, the article is based on the desk-research method (analysis of project documentation and specialist literature), logical reasoning and the case study method, enriched with a series of interviews and observation of the study area to present the selected projects implemented as part of green infrastructure. Solutions based on nature, green infrastructure and the adaptation of ecosystems are of strategic importance for the challenges of reducing the negative effects of urban heat islands and the risk of flooding, rational space management, regeneration of degraded urban spaces, the coexistence of urban and green space and, consequently, increasing housing, as well as cultural and recreation areas. This is especially true of post-industrial regions, such as the Katowice Conurbation in Poland, to which the examples presented here refer. © 2023 by the authors.},

note = {1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85147813200,

title = {Long-Term Vegetation Changes and Socioeconomic Effects of River Engineering in Industrialized Areas (Southern Poland)},

author = { O. Rahmonov and W. Dragan and J. Cabała and R. Krzysztofik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85147813200&doi=10.3390%2fijerph20032255&partnerID=40&md5=2218a5f8d80b96a0ed7d7fe3666d995b},

doi = {10.3390/ijerph20032255},

issn = {16617827},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},

volume = {20},

number = {3},

publisher = {MDPI},

abstract = {The exploitation of mineral resources associated with human mining activities leads to the degradation of both terrestrial and aquatic biocenotic systems. The drastic disturbance of water relations as a result of the relocation of the riverbed of the Biala Przemsza River (southern Poland) for coal and filler sand mining will lead to changes in plant ecosystems. The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the diversity and distribution of vegetation in the Biała Przemsza valley in sections of channel straightening with the old riverbed and areas undisturbed by engineering works against the background of land use in temporal and spatial aspects. The results of the ecological and phytosociological studies showed that the composition of flora and vegetation types varied. Within the transformed riverbed, anthropogenic mixed forests with species characteristic of different ecological systems are developing, whereas the non-regulated section of the river is overgrown by an alder riparian forest with an almost complete species composition for this plant community. The highest Simpson’s biodiversity index was found in the anthropogenically disturbed section of the river (0.86), and in the undisturbed section, it was 0.83. Both sections of the river were dominated by species of the family Compositae, Poaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Rosaceae and Apiaceae. The diversity of the flora in the transformed sections of the valley is determined by the presence of mosaics and microhabitats, as well as the nature of the surrounding vegetation, which is reflected in the ecological requirements of the flora concerning light preference (moderate light [56.25%]), and almost 90% of the flora from the area of the regulated section of the valley develops on humus-poor and mineral-humus soils. Although this area has lost its original natural function, it is now valuable for selected economic and social functions, especially in highly urbanized regions. © 2023 by the authors.},

note = {5},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85158096985,

title = {Effect of Climate and Soils on the Diffusion of Towns on the Territory of Poland in the Thirteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries},

author = { R. Krzysztofik and W. Dragan},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85158096985&doi=10.1080%2f24694452.2023.2200493&partnerID=40&md5=511735aab16731f568a7b39ee6c96bc6},

doi = {10.1080/24694452.2023.2200493},

issn = {24694452},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Annals of the American Association of Geographers},

volume = {113},

number = {6},

pages = {1269-1289},

publisher = {Taylor and Francis Ltd.},

abstract = {Urbanization in different regions of the world followed different spatial models. The article presents some characteristic features of urbanization in the area of contemporary Poland, taking into account the driving factors, the climate and soils, as well as the resulting model of spatial evolution of the urban network; that is, contact-based diffusion. The article points out that the spread of towns between the thirteenth and eighteenth centuries—that is, from the beginning of urbanization on the contemporary territory of Poland to the end of the feudal period—strongly depended on such factors as air temperature and general natural conditions for the development of agriculture. The research was based on an analysis of more than 1,000 urban foundations, and information on the specific distribution of selected climate phenomena. The article also draws attention to historic climate changes as a factor stimulating the dynamics of urbanization in the analyzed territory. This article provides new information on the specific character of urbanization in the area of today’s Poland, and refers to the problem of environmentally determined diffusion of towns in a considerable area of Central Europe. It also fits into a broader discourse on the role of climatic factors in shaping urban colonization in areas characterized by different climates. © 2023 by American Association of Geographers.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85146037947,

title = {A unique type of industrial railway-the sand railways of southern Poland},

author = { R. Krzysztofik and W. Dragan and K. Soida},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85146037947&doi=10.2478%2fenviron-2022-0019&partnerID=40&md5=ccd7b6bfc4650d935cd94c50f9b0d05c},

doi = {10.2478/environ-2022-0019},

issn = {23540079},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Environmental and Socio-Economic Studies},

volume = {10},

number = {4},

pages = {1-11},

publisher = {De Gruyter Open Ltd},

abstract = {Since the mid-twentieth century, the Polish rail network has been experiencing a systematic decline of its lines and this includes railway lines serving only freight services. One of the most striking examples of freight transport is the sand railways in southern Poland. This world-unique system for transporting backfill sand used in hard coal mining was one of the most spectacular types of specialized rail transport. The general crisis of railways in Poland, the restructuring of the hard coal mining industry and changes in the technology for securing the underground parts of mines, have all resulted in a sharp decline in the role of sand railways as the carrier of backfill sand. The infrastructure system, as well as the companies involved in the exploitation of sand and its transport, have had to face the fundamental question about their future. This article indicates the essence of these challenges in the context of the role of sand railways in the freight rail system in general. The function of sand railways in the rail transport system has been recognized in relation to their specific unique features that have constituted important elements of their functional and spatial existence. © 2022 Robert Krzysztofik et al., published by Sciendo.},

note = {2},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85126877740,

title = {The Perception of Urban Forests in Post-Mining Areas: A Case Study of Sosnowiec-Poland},

author = { R. Krzysztofik and O. Rahmonov and I. Kantor-Pietraga and W. Dragan},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85126877740&doi=10.3390%2fijerph19073852&partnerID=40&md5=24a0e74e2fb2af30cc124fb28a0e0e86},

doi = {10.3390/ijerph19073852},

issn = {16617827},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},

volume = {19},

number = {7},

publisher = {MDPI},

abstract = {Sustainable development policy emphasizes, among other things, the role of green areas in urban space. This remark applies in particular to post-industrial and post-mining cities. One of the elements of shaping the sustainable development of post-mining cities is that forests are often anthropogenic forest ecosystems growing in previously mining areas, one of the most characteristic elements of their spatial development. This article examines the role of urban forests in the post-mining area in Sosnowiec, located in the core of the Katowice conurbation in southern Poland. This article aimed to show the social perception of forests in post-mining areas among the local community and the features of urban forests. The social dimension of the interaction between humans and the environment is related to the issue of urban planning. Research was implemented based on quantitative, qualitative (CATI survey), and cartographic methods. The results indicate the significant role of forests in post-mining areas depending on their location in the settlement areas in a post-industrial city. The research emphasizes that residents perceive forests in post-mining areas of cities as an essential and expected recreational space. Notably, half of them do not see any threats therein. It is also expected that these areas will be better developed for recreational purposes in the future. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.},

note = {7},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85120823619,

title = {Vegetation and environmental changes on contaminated soil formed on waste from an historic zn-pb ore-washing plant},

author = { O. Rahmonov and J. Cabała and R. Krzysztofik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85120823619&doi=10.3390%2fbiology10121242&partnerID=40&md5=619ff3445f85772de0223e2a29003cda},

doi = {10.3390/biology10121242},

issn = {20797737},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Biology},

volume = {10},

number = {12},

publisher = {MDPI},

abstract = {Post-mining waste from Zn-Pb ore exploitation undergoes processes of spontaneous succession and changes in soil chemical composition. The Zakawie area was industrially transformed by historical mining activity, ore enrichment, and the metallurgical processing of Zn-Pb ore. The subject of the study was to analyse the rate of vegetation succession (from 1999 to 2019), soil chemistry, and the relationships between them in an anthropogenic habitat with high concentrations of potentially toxic metals. Ecological and geochemical studies were carried out in an area contaminated with waste from a disused Zn-Pb ore-washing plant. Between 1999 and 2019, the transformation of grassland and meadow vegetation into scrub and forest–grassland communities was observed. This transformation led to a decrease in the area of Molinietum caeruleae meadow (from 25.8% in 1999 to 10.7% in 2019), whose place was taken by Prunus spinosa and Rhamnus cathartica. The community of xerothermic limestone grasslands completely disappeared, being replaced in favour of the Diantho-Armerietum and Prunus spinosa community. In this period, the share of lifeforms of plants and species composition (46 and 60; respectively) also changed. The Shannon and Simpson biodiversity index reached high values in the second investigation period, and it was 0.893 and 0.86, respectively. The anthrosols had a high content of Zn—85,360 mg kg−1, Pb—28,300 mg kg−1, Cd—340 mg kg−1, and As—1200 mg kg−1 . Carbonates, clay minerals, and fe-oxides are predominant in the mineral composition of the rhizosphere; the metal-bearing phases are stable; and hardly soluble minerals include smithsonite, cerussite, monheimite, hemimorphite, and oxides of Fe and Fe-Mn. Mineralisa-tion/crust processes formed on the epidermis, and their influences on root development were found. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy studies on rhizosphere soil components provide information on the type of minerals and their susceptibility to heavy metals release. The identification of some biotic and mineral structures in rhizospheres can be an interesting source of information on pedogenic processes identified in back-scattered electron images. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.},

note = {3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85112510066,

title = {Is the naturalization of the townscape a condition of de-industrialization? An example of bytom in southern poland},

author = { M. Solarski and R. Krzysztofik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85112510066&doi=10.3390%2fland10080838&partnerID=40&md5=5883f99733faae3bb31c23691257290b},

doi = {10.3390/land10080838},

issn = {2073445X},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Land},

volume = {10},

number = {8},

publisher = {MDPI AG},

abstract = {A characteristic element of the transformations of cities in Central and Eastern Europe after 1990 was the emergence of shrinking cities. The main problem related to shrinking cities is around how this process developed as a result of rapidly intensifying de-industrialization. While many studies in this area are devoted to demographic, social, and economic issues, relatively few studies address the spatial dimension. In this article, the example of spatial development in the (post-) mining city of Bytom in southern Poland is discussed, pointing to the need for a multifaceted approach to this issue. This article begins with an attempt to contextualize this issue within a broader time perspective. Such an analysis makes it possible to better situate contemporary changes in the context of the processes that were visible in previous periods. Next, these changes are described using two methods. The basis of the first method is comparisons between the different types of land use. The second method, which is emphasized, is the method of A. Macias, which indicates the degree of naturalization/anthropogenization of space. Macias’ method is crucial in the context of discussions about the future of post-mining towns, where attention is paid, among other things, to the issue of sustainable development. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.},

note = {3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85104648576,

title = {Multidimensional conditions of the first wave of the COVID-19 epidemic in the trans-industrial region. An example of the silesian voivodeship in Poland},

author = { R. Krzysztofik and I. Kantor-Pietraga and T. Spórna},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85104648576&doi=10.3390%2fsu13084109&partnerID=40&md5=3e77547d8075dc996c11b2cbea5dda9a},

doi = {10.3390/su13084109},

issn = {20711050},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Sustainability (Switzerland)},

volume = {13},

number = {8},

publisher = {MDPI AG},

abstract = {The successive phases of the global COVID-19 pandemic show some differences from the first wave in 2020. The most important of these is some experience in responding to its spread and in applying vaccines. However, new, more aggressive variants of COVID-19 mean that the pandemic is often taking on the nature of the one experienced by societies a year ago. So, the knowledge about the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic is still up-to-date—significantly where the essential determinants of its spread have not changed. The article presents the Silesian Voivodeship case in Southern Poland, distinguished by different geographical conditions compared to the entire country. The authors showed the relationship between the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic and the characteristic attributes of the analysed area (post-)mining functions or urban shrinkage. The article conducted a dependence study using the Pearson correlation coefficient and the signs table method. In turn, the authors used thematic cartography to present the results of the analysis. It turned out that two attributes, namely (post-)mining and urban shrinkage, are essential in spreading the epidemic with the region analysed. This conclusion may be essential in implementing national and regional policies related to reducing the COVID-19 pandemic. However, a limitation in the scope of the presented applications is the fact that mining regions, such as the Silesian (Ślaskie)˛ Voivodeship, are currently less numerous in the world than, for example, those that develop based on services. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.},

note = {2},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85103094040,

title = {The impact of regional demographics on Higher Education Policy. An example from Silesia, Poland},

author = { R. Krzysztofik and A. Zagórowska and I. Kantor-Pietraga and D. Malchar-Michalska and M. Lamparska and A. Dudek},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85103094040&doi=10.2478%2fenviron-2021-0002&partnerID=40&md5=ef3ae0d79ff412f13a4ab6a018e3d947},

doi = {10.2478/environ-2021-0002},

issn = {23540079},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Environmental and Socio-Economic Studies},

volume = {9},

number = {1},

pages = {10-22},

publisher = {De Gruyter Open Ltd},

abstract = {The determinants of higher education policy have their sources in various spheres, such as economic, social, educational, national policy, administrative, and demographic. Problems for the development of higher education also stem from these spheres. One of them is the challenging demographic situation that is a significant element of developing higher education in southern Poland (particuarly in the Silesia region). Given this context, this article aims to indicate the policies of the universities in the region which respond to the existing demographic threats. This relationship is to confront student opinions regarding their vision for their education and future career within the current demographic situation. Using research-based on an analysis of university and regional local government strategic documents and surveys carried out among students, we conclude that higher education development policy is responding to the demographic transformation. Meanwhile, students' attitudes to the challenges of the demographic situation is quite "flexible"and relatively ambivalent. This article presents the contrast between the increasingly tricky demographic situation in Silesia, Poland, and the limited response in the two main groups of stakeholders - academic authorities and students - that require shaping higher education ipolicy towards future demographic challenges. © 2021 Robert Krzysztofik et al., published by Sciendo 2021.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85086093085,

title = {Paths of urban planning in a post-mining area. A case study of a former sandpit in southern Poland},

author = { R. Krzysztofik and R. Dulias and I. Kantor-Pietraga and T. Spórna and W. Dragan},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85086093085&doi=10.1016%2fj.landusepol.2020.104801&partnerID=40&md5=0915a68bcfcab83ad3c18fa2e3792afd},

doi = {10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104801},

issn = {02648377},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Land Use Policy},

volume = {99},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Decision-making on the directions of spatial development are particularly visible in post-mining areas in large cities. This issue is one of the key themes in a discourse that focuses on how to reconcile strategic urban planning and urban policy in post-mining towns, and is based on the concepts of brownfield regeneration and just transition. This paper approaches the issue by taking the redevelopment of the site of a large former stowing sand pit, operated for the needs of coal mining in Sosnowiec near Krakow (southern Poland), as an example. The dilemma concerns turning the former mining area into a new zone for industrial investment or transforming it into a leisure area around a new reservoir. An important part of the study involved obtaining, via a questionnaire survey, the opinions of residents as to their vision for how the former sandpit should be redeveloped. The paper underlines that due to limited social participation in this regard, this is a challenging issue for local urban policy. In post-mining towns, in which sustainable development is particularly important, the changeability of socio-economic phenomena on the one hand and residents' opinions on the other merit special attention. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd},

note = {12},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85085577544,

title = {‘Inner’ suburbanisation – Background of the phenomenon in a polycentric, post-socialist and post-industrial region. Example from the Katowice conurbation, Poland},

author = { T. Spórna and R. Krzysztofik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85085577544&doi=10.1016%2fj.cities.2020.102789&partnerID=40&md5=427d66e0a110766e5260712552fbf160},

doi = {10.1016/j.cities.2020.102789},

issn = {02642751},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Cities},

volume = {104},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {The article discusses the issue of ‘inner’ suburbanisation – a unique spatial and social phenomenon. The process of ‘inner’ suburbanisation involves the development of low-rise housing estates (characteristic of ‘classical’ suburban architecture) within highly urbanised areas. This phenomenon, with its anti-sprawl effect, develops in polycentric systems on account of the specific distribution of ground rent and the availability of free land for new housing developments. This paper presents ‘inner’ suburbanisation in a post-industrial example, in the post-socialist Katowice conurbation in southern Poland. Referring to that example, the factors of the advancement of ‘inner’ suburbanisation are discussed, as well as the typology of spatial manifestations of this process within the metropolitan core. It was established that ‘inner’ suburbanisation processes developed in the surroundings of most towns in the core of the polycentric urban region. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd},

note = {20},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85090745479,

title = {Vegetation-and environmental changes on non-reclaimed spoil heaps in Southern Poland},

author = { O. Rahmonov and R. Krzysztofik and D. Środek and J. Smolarek-Lach},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090745479&doi=10.3390%2fbiology9070164&partnerID=40&md5=547f3aac164fd7130be4bd336594766e},

doi = {10.3390/biology9070164},

issn = {20797737},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Biology},

volume = {9},

number = {7},

pages = {1-22},

publisher = {MDPI AG},

abstract = {The study focused on the changes in vegetation and soils on an undeveloped area of coal mine spoil heaps. The process of vegetation changes was evaluated on the basis of historical cartographic materials and fieldwork. Changes of vegetation in nearly 200 years are presented herein. The main purpose of this study is to present an analysis of spatio-temporal changes in vegetation and their influence on soil features. The diversity of ecological species in terms of habitat requirements, tendency of hornbeam communities formation, and the relationship between forest communities and soil features was found. The basic soil properties were examined under selected plant communities (pH; Corg; Nt), available forms of elements (P; K; Mg), and as plant nutrients and heavy metal occurrence (Fe; Zn; Mn; Co; Cd; Pb; Sr; Cr; Cu). The soil organic carbon (Corg) content varied from 3.17 ± 0.007% to 17.7 ± 0.21% and significant differences were observed between sites. The highest total nitrogen (Nt) content was recorded in the soils of the sites that were represented by Populus-Betula stands (0.60 ± 0.01%). Soil acidity (pH) varied greatly, ranging from acidic (pH = 4.1) to weakly acidic (pH = 5.9). The highest value for Mgavail (205.43 ± 0.5 mg·kg−1) was noted in the soils under Calamagrostis epegijos (L.) Roth community and for Pavail (184.07 ± 3.77) and Kavail (346.19 ± 2.92 mg·kg−1) under the Quercus-Pinus stand. On all sites, Zn was a dominant element and its concentration ranged from 526.1 to 1060.4 mg·kg−1. Obtained results show how important it is to study the issue of vegetation changes and the formation of the landscape within an industrial city. The described results are important for the management of urban greening issues. Human influence on the disintegration and development of the natural environment is clearly visible. Due to the diversity of former mining areas and their time of creation, the studied area is one of the most important experimental areas for the determination link between vegetation and soil. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.},

note = {18},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85083389192,

title = {Between history, politics and economy: The problematic heritage of former border railway stations in Poland},

author = { W. Dragan and M. Dymitrow and R. Krzysztofik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85083389192&doi=10.1553%2fMOEGG161S229&partnerID=40&md5=f424270ef789c74bc0a5976136c34610},

doi = {10.1553/MOEGG161S229},

issn = {00299138},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Mitteilungen der Osterreichischen Geographischen Gesellschaft},

volume = {161},

pages = {229-250},

publisher = {Austrian Geographical Society},

abstract = {This paper deals with the issue of former border railway stations (FBRSs) in Poland in the context of their problematic heritage. Since the creation of those borders coincided with the development of the railway network in the 19th century, the FBRSs, now deprived of their past function, remain scattered throughout the landscape as confusing components of a troubled history in an even more confusing contemporaneity. This article assiduously analyses the FBRSs in their capacity as offensive hallmarks vested in inoffensive elements of technical culture, often with high aesthetic value. This is done by departing from a number of analytical lenses: unwanted history, competitive heritage, utility vs. economy, politics and money, and the 'here and now' policy. These competing perspectives reveal the intricacy of heritagisation, especially in times of greater ease of obtaining monetary funds aimed at revitalisation: what to revitalise, why and how? © 2020 Austrian Geographical Society. All rights reserved.},

note = {5},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85100522077,

title = {Why and how central Europe's largest logistics complex developed on a brownfield site [Zakaj in kako je potekal razvoj največjega srednjeevropskega logističnega kompleksa na degradiranem zemljišču]},

author = { R. Krzysztofik and I. Kantor-Pietraga and T. Spórna and W. Dragan and T. Szymonowicz},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85100522077&doi=10.3986%2fAGS.7085&partnerID=40&md5=55f7139e4caf733c8bf47825304c19c9},

doi = {10.3986/AGS.7085},

issn = {15816613},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Acta Geographica Slovenica},

volume = {60},

number = {2},

pages = {21-31},

publisher = {ZRC SAZU, Založba ZRC},

abstract = {The aim of the article is to explain the dependence on key factors and development path in the expansion process of the largest Central European logistics complex situated on postmining brown-field. Here, a highly original example is the city of Sosnowiec in the Katowice conurbation (Poland). In the article, the development of this complex and its model of spatial diffusion, with an indication of both facilitating and restricting aspects of its further expansion is discussed. The following issues are also brought to light: spatial location, urban policy, transport accessibility and local labour market. In the article, the development of this complex is discussed according to model of spatial diffusion. © 2020, ZRC SAZU, Založba ZRC. All rights reserved.},

note = {1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85097021634,

title = {Does urban shrinkage require urban policy? The case of a post-industrial region in Poland},

author = { A. Runge and J. Runge and I. Kantor-Pietraga and R. Krzysztofik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85097021634&doi=10.1080%2f21681376.2020.1831947&partnerID=40&md5=b89161fc1025e3545f157cbbde61e632},

doi = {10.1080/21681376.2020.1831947},

issn = {21681376},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Regional Studies, Regional Science},

volume = {7},

number = {1},

pages = {476-494},

publisher = {Routledge},

abstract = {The problem of depopulation in towns is present in most European countries. In Central and Eastern Europe it emerged primarily after the political transformation at the turn of the 1980s and 1990s. Despite the often-significant demographic decline, the problem did not immediately become part of agenda-setting in towns’ local strategies. This paper discusses the above topics, focusing on the principal reasons for trivialization of depopulation in local policies of towns in the Silesian Voivodeship, Poland. In the discussion an emphasis is placed on the fact that in this region the issue of depopulation and urban shrinkage ‘vied’ with another consequence of transformation: unemployment. Because the Silesian Voivodeship is one of the largest regional labour markets in Europe, the confrontation of the two phenomena in local and regional policy took an original course characterized by phenomena such as policy taboo, trivialization, informal agenda-setting and mismatch strategies. The paper shows that while all the mentioned attributes of urban policy with respect to depopulation may be regarded as negative, considering the gigantic scale of the unemployment and depopulation phenomena and lack of experience in urban governance, they were a ‘natural’ reaction of the local authorities to the accumulated problems. It also indicates that in the studied region issues such as strongly marked morphological polycentricity and its (post)mining and (post)industrial nature were also not without significance. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.},

note = {5},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85087436636,

title = {Spatial and functional dimensions of the COVID-19 epidemic in Poland},

author = { R. Krzysztofik and I. Kantor-Pietraga and T. Spórna},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85087436636&doi=10.1080%2f15387216.2020.1783337&partnerID=40&md5=ab0fa4f8bf732d8b22fd14eac8a5b90e},

doi = {10.1080/15387216.2020.1783337},

issn = {15387216},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Eurasian Geography and Economics},

volume = {61},

number = {4-5},

pages = {573-586},

publisher = {Routledge},

abstract = {The COVID-19 epidemic appeared in Poland in early March 2020. Since then, the epidemic has impacted strongly on the socioeconomic nature of the country. Since April 2020, the region with the most confirmed cases is the province of Silesia (Śląskie). This paper has two main aims. First, the authors focus on explanations for the causes of the large number of confirmed cases in this region. The second issue is the mosaic pattern of COVID-19 cases in Śląskie province. The paper explains these patterns with reference to urban shrinkage, trans-industrialism, hard coal mining and polycentricity. The impact of these drivers is clearly visible in the local patterning of the pandemic. The authors point out that this specific relationship in this province complicates regional and local policy and indirectly affects state policy focused on the epidemic as well. The key problem is the negative impact of COVID-19 on hard coal mining. This sector, in turn, is considered by the Polish government as one of the most important from an economic and political point of view. © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.},

note = {43},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85063610696,

title = {Beyond ‘logistics sprawl’ and ‘logistics anti-sprawl’. Case of the Katowice region, Poland},

author = { R. Krzysztofik and I. Kantor-Pietraga and T. Spórna and W. Dragan and V.T. Mihaylov},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85063610696&doi=10.1080%2f09654313.2019.1598940&partnerID=40&md5=8ae5c4f6136af829dfa32b32c074f615},

doi = {10.1080/09654313.2019.1598940},

issn = {09654313},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {European Planning Studies},

volume = {27},

number = {8},

pages = {1646-1660},

publisher = {Routledge},

abstract = {The growing role of logistics in the economic space of large metropolises is visible in an increasing number of objects of this kind as well as in their high spatial concentration. Taking into account these circumstances, a phenomenon known as ‘logistics sprawl’ is considered in the article. This is one of two problems concerning the development of logistics in metropolitan areas. Studying the Katowice conurbation in Poland, the authors note, however, that in this region the opposite phenomenon, which they define as a ‘logistics anti-sprawl’, is more noticable. Its characteristic feature is a location of logistics facilities not in the outer zone of the conurbation, but in its core. This phenomenon undoubtedly differs from the patterns of localization of logistics facilities in all major CEECs. It is caused by some chief factors which are disscused in the paper. Therefore, an attention is drawn on the period of socialist development of the region, its contemporary postindustrialism, urban shrinkage, as well as the polycentricity of the conurbation. The crucial question whether the expected reduction of the ‘sprawl logistics’ phenomenon may be based on the development model observed in the Katowice conurbation is also discussed in the article. © 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.},

note = {14},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85065062611,

title = {The processes of incorporation and secession of urban and suburban municipalities: The case of Poland},

author = { R. Szmytkie and R. Krzysztofik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85065062611&doi=10.1080%2f00291951.2019.1604567&partnerID=40&md5=2d4f9a71eef08b30c9d10eaf9dd30a9f},

doi = {10.1080/00291951.2019.1604567},

issn = {00291951},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift},

volume = {73},

number = {2},

pages = {110-127},

publisher = {Routledge},

abstract = {The aim of the article is to explain the phenomena of mergers and territorial disintegration of Polish towns and cities from three perspectives: social, economic and spatial-primal. Administrative border changes are fundamental components of local urban policy guidelines in countries that have experienced a dual history in the socialist and post-socialist periods, such as Poland. The main method of the authors research was the application of statistical and cartographic methods focused on measuring quantitative administrative changes in urban areas and their demographic effects. The scope of the research covered all towns in Poland existing in the years 1945–2018. Since the changes in the administrative boundaries of cities particularly concern the rural areas in the vicinity of large cities, the suburban municipalities surrounding urban centres were analysed too. The findings underline the deterministic role of political systems in the territorial expansion of towns and cities, and indicates their role for current planning decisions. The authors conclude that noticeable differences between two analysed periods have had at least two significant causes. First, the political and economic systems determining the changes differed, and second, each system was accompanied by differing directions of economic development and therefore also different ‘urbogenic’ forces. © 2019, © 2019 Norwegian Geographical Society.},

note = {8},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85097951690,

title = {Paths of Evolution of Territorial Identity. The Case of Former Towns in the Katowice Conurbation},

author = { V.T. Mihaylov and J. Runge and R. Krzysztofik and T. Spórna},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85097951690&doi=10.5937%2fgp23-22018&partnerID=40&md5=4a98ddcd542178fe0875d4604f8548e5},

doi = {10.5937/gp23-22018},

issn = {03548724},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Geographica Pannonica},

volume = {23},

number = {3},

pages = {173-184},

publisher = {Department of Geography, Tourism and Hotel Management},

abstract = {In this study we focus on the evolution of the identity of those urban neighbourhoods which have formerly been separate towns. This problem is discussed using the example of the polycentric conurbation of Katowice in southern Poland, which came into being because of its mining and industrial functions. of this multi-level polycentric urban system is the primary background neighbourhoods that used to be separate towns. Assuming that changes in legal and administrative status may have certain consequences regarding the social connections neighbourhoods, this study aimed to identify such places within the analysed region. The authors also attempted to construct paths of local identity for such spatial entities, confronting them with the thesis that economic factors make them relatively homogeneous. The implementation this mining-industrial region are also significant elements of the region’s social transformation in terms © 2019. Geographica Pannonica.All Rights Reserved},

note = {4},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85058035931,

title = {Can depopulation create urban sustainability in postindustrial regions? A case from Poland},

author = { A. Runge and I. Kantor-Pietraga and J. Runge and R. Krzysztofik and W. Dragan},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058035931&doi=10.3390%2fsu10124633&partnerID=40&md5=17b6572b41fb986c19fa7c94d5dab20d},

doi = {10.3390/su10124633},

issn = {20711050},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Sustainability (Switzerland)},

volume = {10},

number = {12},

publisher = {MDPI},

abstract = {Many towns and cities in the world experience the process of urban shrinkage. This may be observed in localities of different types and of all sizes, including a large group of post-industrial towns and cities of Central and Eastern Europe. One of the districts affected by the urban shrinkage process is the Katowice conurbation in Poland, which may serve as a good example to consider the potential for introducing the idea of sustainable development. In this perspective, sustainability is considered as a specific challenge within the progress of regional transformation, but also a target concept for a large urban region to be followed throughout the evolution and at particular stages of the change. In the discussed region it is all the more important because it is followed by phenomena related to post(industrialism), relatively high pollution levels compared with the European average and a polycentric system of settlement. This paper states that the current urban policy implemented in the Katowice conurbation does not seem to have any palpable effect reversing the trend of depopulation in the region, which seems to stem from the fact that numerous initiatives undertaken in the area are 'illusory' and often unnecessary and unjustified. This also applies to activities embracing and fostering the idea of sustainability. With regard to the latter issue, the main concern refers to overinvestment and wasting the measures to reduce low emissions and to make savings in the heat supply system for residential buildings. The Authors proposed a new vision for the transformation of the region. It will respond to the current and expected needs of the residents, while making allowances for multidimensional sustainable development, particularly in terms of housing policy and spatial development. This concept primarily focuses on a new balance between the areas covered by low-rise and high-rise buildings and the reorganisation of the structure of the local economy. © 2018 by the authors.},

note = {13},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85066930868,

title = {Depopulation in Poland in the light of changes in city functions [Procesy depopulacji w Polsce w świetle zmian bazy ekonomicznej miast]},

author = { R. Krzysztofik and R. Szmytkie},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85066930868&doi=10.7163%2fPrzG.2018.2.6&partnerID=40&md5=ef0e95e96affa1414818c9e7abc1173e},

doi = {10.7163/PrzG.2018.2.6},

issn = {00332143},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Przeglad Geograficzny},

volume = {90},

number = {2},

pages = {309-329},

publisher = {Polska Akademia Nauk},

abstract = {While the phenomenon of depopulation applies to urban centres of various sizes and ranks, and various functions performed, the phenomenon is most often related to the shrinkage of former industrial centers. The essence of depopulation, resulting from the crisis of industrial functions, thus lies in the liquidation over a short time of many jobs that are not replaced by new ones in other sectors. This lack of substitution on a local labour market causes permanent weakening of the acceptance of a given city (or town) as one that forms the social and economic foundations for the existence of the local community. The aim of this paper is to analyse population changes ongoing in Poland’s industrial cities, against the background of population changes in cities of other functional types. It was assumed that a period of dynamic development of a city’s highly-specialised industrial function would see its population grow rapidly, at above-average speed. During the period with decline in the industrial function of this group of cities, population is likewise subject to a rapid, above-average, rate of decrease. In both cases, non-linear development is fundamental to the phenomenon of so-called bifurcation. For the purposes of this study, industrial centres were cities or towns assigned to the industrial functional type as of 1970 (given that data from that year are taken to represent the peak period of industrialisation in Poland). These were centres that had a prevalence of work places over places of residence or a balance between work places and places of residence. The cities and towns coming under this definition were then divided into several size categories by reference to the population as of 1988. The set of units included in the analysis was limited to cities and towns down to medium-size. The main part of the analysis of population change was carried out in reference to the years 1988–2015. The transformation of Polish cities after 1989 caused quite major changes in their demographic development. Significantly, these changes were conditioned by the transformation of the economy, including by the phenomenon of deindustrialisation. Nevertheless, demographic factors were also important. as affected directly or indirectly by economic determinants. Hence, after 1990, urban centres experienced a peculiar ‘game of the inhabitants’, whose essence was widespread negative population growth and a positive migration balance confined to just a few dozen cities. In this particular place, there were strong industrial centers pre-1989. The analysis of population change in the Polish towns and cities assigned to the different size categories shows that industrial cities are now depopulating much more dynamically than towns and cities of other functional types. Processes of intensive depopulation (exceeding 15% in relation to 1988) have in particular affected Bytom, Chorzów, Kamienna Góra, Katowice, Łódź, Nowa Ruda, Piekary Śląskie, Ruda Śląska, Sosnowiec, Świętochłowice, Wałbrzych (as industrial centers) and Sopot (a service center). As a result of the loss of the “pull” attribute, and in many cases the acquisition of “push” attributes or a “di-sappearance” of interest on the part of potential migrants, the demographic profile in these urban centres had to be reduced. The trend was further strengthened by the consequences of the second demographic transition. Local-level analysis of depopulation processes draws attention to the fact that migration, to larger cities in particular, is being intensified currently by service functions. Industry is a relatively weak element enhancing inter-regional and inter-urban flows, in a phenomenon that is undoubtedly favoured by greater opportunities to commute to work. However, better-paid positions in the services sector (especially in knowledge-based services) are more important in stabilising or developing demographic potential. They provide significant strengthening of migration decisions relating to the desire to live near the place of work. © 2018, Polska Akademia Nauk. All rights reserved.},

note = {7},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85043452283,

title = {Landscapes with different logics: A physicalistic approach to semantic conflicts in spatial planning},

author = { R. Krzysztofik and M. Dymitrow and J. Biegańska and A. Senetra and E. Gavriilidou and B. Nadolu and I. Kantor-Pietraga and E. Grzelak-Kostulska and E. Oureilidou and D. Luches and T. Spórna and D. Teodorescu and M. Wasilewicz-Pszczółkowska and G. Holmertz and A. Szczepańska and R. Brauer},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85043452283&doi=10.1515%2fquageo-2017-0034&partnerID=40&md5=0b6af47315bf97114b76adc08cc67458},

doi = {10.1515/quageo-2017-0034},

issn = {0137477X},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Quaestiones Geographicae},

volume = {36},

number = {4},

pages = {29-45},

publisher = {Adam Mickiewicz University Press},

abstract = {This paper deals with the ways of categorising landscapes as 'urban' and 'rural' using a physicalist approach, where these terms have special meaning. The aim of this paper is to elaborate on the question whether such a division is still meaningful with regard to anthropogenic landscapes, not least in spatial planning. The concerns raised in this paper depart from the increasingly complicated structure of geographical space, including that of anthropogenic landscapes. Our standpoint is illustrated using cases of landscape ambiguities from Poland, Germany, Romania and Greece. Leaning on frameworks of physicalist (mechanicistic) theory, this paper suggests an explanation to the outlined semantic conflicts. This is done by pointing to the relationality between the impact of centripetal and centrifugal forces, the specifics of socio-economic development, as well as the varying landscape forms that emerge from the differences within that development. © 2017 Robert Krzysztofik et al., published by De Gruyter Open.},

note = {8},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85018529330,

title = {Poverty and social exclusion: An alternative spatial explanation},

author = { R. Krzysztofik and M. Dymitrow and E. Grzelak-Kostulska and J. Biegańska},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85018529330&doi=10.1515%2fbog-2017-0004&partnerID=40&md5=557715d66b587d86599017541a5dbcac},

doi = {10.1515/bog-2017-0004},

issn = {17324254},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series},

volume = {35},

number = {35},

pages = {45-64},

publisher = {Nicolaus Copenicus University Press},

abstract = {Poverty and social exclusion remain some of the biggest concerns in the face of obtaining social sustainability. In this respect, the continuing immense spatial differences between individual localities of seemingly similar characteristics have puzzled social scientists for decades. In quest for a better understanding, this article highlights the role of spatial heterogeneity as a factor conducive to the formation of functionally derelict areas, which in turn play a crucial role in the formation of spatial mismatch. Using two case studies from Poland, one from a big city and one from a small village, we explore the relationality between the phenomena of spatial heterogeneity, functional dereliction and spatial mismatch, whose mutual reinforcement seems to lead to a specific kind of deprivation in terms of scale and intensity. Special attention is paid to the role of spatial heterogeneity, which under certain conditions is capable of changing from being a developmental stimulant to becoming a destimulant. We argue that taking greater account of the intricate historical contexts responsible for the resistance of some pressing socio-economic problems is key to breaking the deadlock in the implementation of ineffective sustainability policies. © 2017 Nicolaus Copernicus University. All rights reserved.},

note = {14},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85022206856,

title = {Is the suburbanisation stage always important in the transformation of large urban agglomerations? The case of the Katowice conurbation},

author = { R. Krzysztofik and I. Kantor-Pietraga and A. Runge and T. Spórna},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85022206856&doi=10.7163%2fGPol.0082&partnerID=40&md5=6238e1e0df6de5c873c1b5959f6447f9},

doi = {10.7163/GPol.0082},

issn = {00167282},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Geographia Polonica},

volume = {90},

number = {2},

pages = {5-24},

publisher = {Polska Akademia Nauk},

abstract = {Suburbanisation represents one of the most important contemporary problems facing large urban agglomerations. An analysis of the development of urban agglomerations in Central-Eastern Europe, and especially Poland, leads to the observation that this problem is not particularly advanced in any of them. The aim of this article has thus been to examine how relevant it might be to consider the suburbanisation stage in large Polish agglomerations, as a permanent feature of the Klaassen/Paelinck and van den Berg models. Specifically, the article focuses on Poland’s seven largest agglomerations, though there is a particular emphasis on the Katowice conurbation. The essence of the study lay in the identification of differences in the population balance between these agglomerations, and above all, between their cores and outer zones. The study also included data on the structure characterising out-migrations. A consequence of the study was to draw attention to the apparent diversity of the Katowice conurbation, the only one in Poland to record a population decline in both the core area and the outer zone. This specificity was explained mainly by the drivers of polycentricity and post-industrialism. In other agglomerations, these elements were either absent altogether or were involved in separate shaping of urban regional space. © Robert Krzysztofik, Iwona Kantor-Pietraga, Anna Runge, Tomasz Spórna and Geographia Polonica and Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences • Warsaw • 2017.},

note = {18},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84964826368,

title = {Some dilemmas of post-industrialism in a region of traditional industry: The case of the Katowice conurbation, Poland},

author = { R. Krzysztofik and M. Tkocz and T. Spórna and I. Kantor-Pietraga},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84964826368&doi=10.1515%2fmgr-2016-0004&partnerID=40&md5=c716e724ecece62f9f166790cc2e842a},

doi = {10.1515/mgr-2016-0004},

issn = {12108812},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Moravian Geographical Reports},

volume = {24},

number = {1},

pages = {42-54},

publisher = {Czech Academy of Sciences},

abstract = {The problem of using the concept of post-industrialism to define regions with traditional industries is addressed in this article. It focuses on the diversity of industrial development in the Katowice conurbation (Poland) and the difficulties of situating the region in the widely-used taxonomy by Phelps and Ozawa, which assumes a one-way transition from the late-industrial to post-industrial stage. The authors point to the fact that only some of the towns can be described as post-industrial, since there are also towns in which traditional industries continue to develop relatively well and others at an advanced stage of re-industrialisation. The proposal is made that the Katowice conurbation can be described as a “trans-industrial region” in order to account for the various stages of development in the industrial sector in the towns of the conurbation, and to underline the dynamic nature and temporal variability of the industrialisation factor in the region. © 2016, Czech Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.},

note = {41},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84952299584,

title = {The Concept of Urban Hibernation},

author = { R. Krzysztofik and M. Dymitrow and I. Kantor-Pietraga and T. Spórna},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84952299584&doi=10.1080%2f09654313.2015.1078296&partnerID=40&md5=051966094cf3962c5fdad07b66212fc5},

doi = {10.1080/09654313.2015.1078296},

issn = {09654313},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {European Planning Studies},

volume = {24},

number = {2},

pages = {316-343},

publisher = {Routledge},

abstract = {Today, as a result of fast-paced societal transformations, many small towns face severe developmental challenges and an uncertain future. Departing from the broader theory of developmental disequilibrium, we launch the concept of urban hibernation to explain the process of periodic small-town regress. The concept—along with its key stages and turning points—is presented to the background of urbanization processes encountered in Poland. At the same time, the focus on small towns offers an alternative and more context-sensitive explication to eclectic development models inherent to larger cities. As such, we argue that the concept of urban hibernation is apt to serve as a more precise research and planning tool in the context of small towns, and particularly in the critical moments of rise and recession. By applying a historical perspective, we address the importance of proper identification of the various and ever-changing city-forming factors, including their role for spatial planning at different scales. Urban hibernation should thus be considered as an intrinsic part of the geographic environment, which, due to the volatility of its socio-economic components, transcends the traditional rural–urban divide. Our conceptual contribution may thus serve as a background for a fuller understanding of the variability and dynamics of intra-urban structures. © 2015 Taylor & Francis.},

note = {7},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85007071242,

title = {Revisiting the question of centripetal and centrifugal forces in urban systems},

author = { R. Krzysztofik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85007071242&doi=10.7163%2fGPol.0066&partnerID=40&md5=cfbb4589ed86fcd10b9a36cff1362337},

doi = {10.7163/GPol.0066},

issn = {00167282},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Geographia Polonica},

volume = {89},

number = {4},

pages = {429-442},

publisher = {Polska Akademia Nauk},

abstract = {The concept of centripetal and centrifugal forces was formally applied to the geographical sciences by Charles C. Colby in the 1930s; and for decades, these terms have been key elements used in explaining the development of cities and regions. Given that geographical research treats these concepts as represented by scientific metaphors, the work described in this article has sought to look critically at relevant issues from the physical point of view, i.e. in terms of Newtonian mechanics. Although the use of these metaphors is not always found to reflect the reality characterising the observed elements in the socio-economic system of a city and its surroundings, these may serve as an important element of explanations of ‘classical’ geography, new economic geography and Batty’s concept of the "new science of cities", providing that certain objections are taken account of. © Geographia Polonica.},

note = {4},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84997112402,

title = {Opinia komisji geografii osadnictwa i ludnosci ptg ws. Projektu "ustawy o rewitalizacji"},

author = { P. Śleszyński and M. Grochowski and T. Kaczmarek and R. Krzysztofik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84997112402&partnerID=40&md5=ab09552d61838fc2dc86e7e85a1478f6},

issn = {00459453},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Czasopismo Geograficzne},

volume = {87},

number = {1},

pages = {173-176},

publisher = {Polish Geographical Society},

abstract = {[No abstract available]},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84994248969,

title = {Trajectories of depopulation and urban shrinkage in the Katowice Conurbation, Poland},

author = { T. Spórna and I. Kantor-Pietraga and R. Krzysztofik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84994248969&doi=10.4000%2feps.6102&partnerID=40&md5=bc61d83deb501b701d6d11adfe4ae6b6},

doi = {10.4000/eps.6102},

issn = {07557809},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Espace-Populations-Societes},

number = {1},

publisher = {Universite des Sciences et Technologiques de Lille},

abstract = {The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of trajectories of urban shrinkage in the Katowice conurbation (after 1990), a typical of a traditional industrial region in central and eastern Europe. The process of urban shrinkage and its effects, as a consequence of the restructuring of the economy of the region since 1989, are presented from a broad perspective, using the example of the Katowice conurbation, with a detailed focus on two cities, Sosnowiec and Bytom. Bytom and Sosnowiec are models exemplifying most of the typical path of shrinkage in the Katowice Conurbation. These cities represent urban centers of both Upper Silesia (Bytom) and the Dabrowa Basin Region (Sosnowiec). The shrinking cities of the Katowice Conurbation are the most spectacular examples of the socio-economic problems in the post-industrial area of the urban region. One of the signs of urban shrinkage in the Katowice conurbation is the population loss of 370,000 people in the period 1991-2013. In addition, the cities are facing numerous social, economic and spatial challenges. It is well known that, as a post-industrial region, the Katowice Conurbation has undergone a particular, complicated economic and social transformation. This is key to an interpretation of the shrinkage process in the region.},

note = {15},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84959859675,

title = {Environmental hazards and urban abandonment: Case studies and typological issues},

author = { R. Krzysztofik and M. Dymitrow and R. Szmytkie and I. Kantor-Pietraga and J. Pelłka-Gościniak and T. Spórna},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84959859675&doi=10.1111%2fgeob.12082&partnerID=40&md5=a1e0b91eeea1b2ff09ca69adef4a9b8c},

doi = {10.1111/geob.12082},

issn = {04353684},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Geografiska Annaler, Series B: Human Geography},

volume = {97},

number = {4},

pages = {291-308},

publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},

abstract = {The article discusses the phenomenon of urban abandonment as a result of environmental hazards. Seen as an outcome of environmental drivers, the underlying assumption is that a characteristic of environmental hazards is their spatial and temporal constancy of impact, whereby processes and phenomena having taken place in the past have their analogies in the present. In order to generate insights for future research and policy development, there is a need to pay greater attention to the precarious relationship between humans and the natural environment, not least by drawing lessons from the past through the study of historical cases. The article clarifies the dynamic interactions of drivers and their progression through various stages of urban abandonment. This is done by recourse to an analysis of some general trends and an in-depth examination of three selected case studies from Poland. It has two objectives. The first is to identify the historical role of environmental drivers in the process of urban abandonment, while the second one is to contribute to the typology of environmentally related processes of urban abandonment in order to better identify future calamities. With respect to the former, the findings reveal that the relation between environmental hazards and urban abandonment is pertinent in regions with specific geographic conditions and pertains only to certain categories of urban settlements. With respect to the latter, by drawing on these findings, we propose some alterations and amendments to McLeman's comprehensive model of settlement abandonment in the context of global environmental change. © 2016.},

note = {9},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84920008211,

title = {The governance of urban shrinkage in cities of post-socialist Europe: policies, strategies and actors},

author = { D. Rink and C. Couch and A. Haase and R. Krzysztofik and B. Nadolu and P. Rumpel},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84920008211&doi=10.1080%2f17535069.2014.966511&partnerID=40&md5=0b371e01121247d177b6f32f13d970bc},

doi = {10.1080/17535069.2014.966511},

issn = {17535069},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Urban Research and Practice},

volume = {7},

number = {3},

pages = {258-277},

publisher = {Routledge},

abstract = {This paper presents results of an international comparative research project ‘Smart governance of shrinking cities in a European context’. In recent years, many European cities have experienced urban shrinkage (population decline). Whereas there has been a wealth of research into the governance of growing cities, little consideration has been given to the governance of and policy responses to shrinking cities, particularly in relation to the declining cities of post-socialist Central and Eastern Europe. The aim of this paper is to compare the governance responses to shrinkage in different national contexts and assess the policy responses applied. This is done through the comparison of case studies examining the governance of shrinkage in Leipzig (Germany), Bytom (Poland), Ostrava (Czechia) and Timisoara (Romania). Two different strategies have been identified. First, Leipzig – due to its inclusion in the (former Western) German welfare state – followed a reasonably holistic strategy implemented by strong public actors focused not only on economic growth, but also on tackling issues of falling housing demand and the need to strengthen the attractivity of city centre. Second, in Ostrava, Bytom and Timisoara strategies have been inspired by neoliberal thinking, denying the important role of public sector city planning and ignoring the fact of shrinkage. In these cities, the main reply to shrinkage has been to seek economic development through the attraction of private investment (especially FDI) into the cities and using pragmatically any EU structural funding. © 2014 Taylor & Francis.},

note = {48},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84906943035,

title = {How does(n't) Urban Shrinkage get onto the Agenda? Experiences from Leipzig, Liverpool, Genoa and Bytom},

author = { M. Bernt and A. Haase and K. Großmann and M. Cocks and C. Couch and C. Cortese and R. Krzysztofik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84906943035&doi=10.1111%2f1468-2427.12101&partnerID=40&md5=d0b7d4b18d5f33c9e7624def39465f84},

doi = {10.1111/1468-2427.12101},

issn = {03091317},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Urban and Regional Research},

volume = {38},

number = {5},

pages = {1749-1766},

publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},

abstract = {This article discusses the question of how urban shrinkage gets onto the agenda of public-policy agencies. It is based on a comparison of the agenda-setting histories of four European cities, Liverpool (UK), Leipzig (Germany), Genoa (Italy) and Bytom (Poland), which have all experienced severe population losses but show very different histories with respect to how local governments reacted to them. We use the political-science concepts of 'systemic vs. institutional agendas' and 'policy windows' as a conceptual frame to compare these experiences. The article demonstrates that shrinkage is hardly ever responded to in a comprehensive manner but rather that policies are only implemented in a piecemeal way in selected fields. Moreover, it is argued that variations in institutional contexts and political dynamics lead to considerable differences with regard to the chances of making shrinkage a matter of public intervention. Against this background, the article takes issue with the idea that urban shrinkage only needs to be 'accepted' by policymakers who would need to overcome their growth-oriented cultural perceptions, as has been suggested in a number of recent writings, and calls for a more differentiated, context-sensitive view. © 2013 Urban Research Publications Limited.},

note = {88},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84882693039,

title = {A dynamic approach to the typology of functional derelict areas (sosnowiec, Poland) [Dynamický pohled na typologii funkčně opuštěných oblastí (sosnovec, Polsko)]},

author = { R. Krzysztofik and I. Kantor-Pietraga and T. Spórna},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84882693039&doi=10.2478%2fmgr-2013-0008&partnerID=40&md5=387a412a3516c1496a97d13d03aa7f23},

doi = {10.2478/mgr-2013-0008},

issn = {12108812},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Moravian Geographical Reports},

volume = {21},

number = {2},

pages = {20-35},

publisher = {Czech Academy of Sciences},

abstract = {The increasing number of wastelands in East-central European countries is primarily a consequence of functional transformations and movements in the structure of employment. Taking into account such a challenge in this article, the authors propose an approach in which the basic category is a typological proposal with reference to areas with derelict functions, which in turn refers to research within the scope of human geography. In their methodological proposal, the authors consider such variables as: (i) the diversification of management and use of space; (ii) time; (iii) economic functions; and (iv) the scope of geographic research. The effect of including these variables is an attempt to dynamically depict the evolution of land use, with particular attention paid to wasteland: original state - transitional state (derelict areas) - present state. The typological depiction of the emergence and transformation of areas with derelict functions is presented for the case of Sosnowiec.},

note = {20},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84861400046,

title = {Paths of environmental and economic reclamation: The case of post-mining brownfields},

author = { R. Krzysztofik and J. Runge and I. Kantor-Pietraga},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84861400046&partnerID=40&md5=c2b2fe32067409bfd859a491befa0a9f},

issn = {12301485},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Polish Journal of Environmental Studies},

volume = {21},

number = {1},

pages = {219-223},

abstract = {The aim of the article is to indicate the main reclamation paths of the post-mining areas in environmental and economic aspects. The phenomena have been discussed with the example of the city of Sosnowiec, where these actions are of exemplary nature in reference to Poland. The article presents two main paths of activity, including environmental and economic directions. The first is applied in the situation of a lack of possibilities to utilize the post-mining areas for economic or other social activities. It comprises the establishment of areas designed for the development of new industries, services, logistics, or housing areas. The environmental path is connected with the change in the function of the space. Due to partial human interference or natural plant succession, new areas with significant nature and landscape value are being shaped. Both directions play equivalent roles in municipal politics.},

note = {21},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-66149090774,

title = {Spatial-administrative structure of Katowice conurbation [Struktura przestrzenno-administracyjna konurbacji katowickiej]},

author = { R. Krzysztofik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-66149090774&partnerID=40&md5=17fff54078aaa64333761bb0e296d536},

issn = {00459453},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-01-01},

journal = {Czasopismo Geograficzne},

volume = {78},

number = {4},

pages = {288-304},

publisher = {Polish Geographical Society},

abstract = {Spatial-administrative structure of Katowice conurbation In this paper, the development of Katowice conurbation in its historical context, as the background to the contemporary situation, is first presented. Four characteristic periods may be identified: pre-industrial (to the end of 18th century), from the beginning of 19th to the mid-20th century, from the mid-20th to 1980's, and after 1990. However, the main aim of this paper is to provide an overview of geographical delimitation of the conurbation and an attempt to distinguish spatial-administrative zones. Herein, the author investigated 6 features in the context of delimitating the Katowice region: four related to administrative characteristics (administrative status; administrative structure; localisation in the Upper Silesian Metropolitan Union [Górnoslaski Zwiazek Metropolitalny - GZM] and continuity and structure of town's boundary), one related to demography (population density) and one related to location (location near the model city; taking into consideration features 1-5). The problem of administrative delimitation and spatial structure has been presented for 53 administrative units: 33 towns and 20 rural communes. All urban communes have been classified to belong to the three zones: the core area, the inner zone or the outer zone, whereas rural communes occur only in the outer zone. This is important characteristics that in the investigated case both the inner zone and the outer zone make a peripheral zone. The next issue raised in this paper pertains to the characteristics of distinguished zones in the context of their spatial-administrative structure. Both the differences between zones and typical features of administrative areas are discussed. It is emphasized that the core zone concentrates around 80 % population of the region, whereas it occupies only 37% of its area. The article is an important attempt to present the structure of the Katowice conurbation, especially in the context of administrative unification of region, both as the Upper Silesian Metropolitan Union (GZM) which has already functioned and as the so-called super-city or super-county, which will be soon. The area of GZM has encompassed only cities with status of a county. The answer to the question: " which cities should be included into the so-called super city in the future" is partly contained in outcome of this paper.},

note = {1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-35548981236,

title = {Edge cities - A new settlement model in urban geography [Miasta krawedziowe. Nowa forma osadnicza w przedmiocie badań geografii miast]},

author = { R. Krzysztofik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-35548981236&partnerID=40&md5=fa9e039d3530b9ffcdc7145226b4b721},

issn = {00459453},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-01-01},

journal = {Czasopismo Geograficzne},

volume = {77},

number = {3},

pages = {164-181},

publisher = {University of Wroclaw},

abstract = {In this paper, the concept of an 'edge city', introduced by J. Garreau [1991] as a new settlement model in urban geography, is discussed. The concept represents the 'third wave' in the urban history, or - from another point of view - the so-called Californian School in the urban science. The latter is focused on the peculiarity of suburbs phenomenon, decentralization of metropolitan areas, and the role of new technologies as an economic basis of urban development. According to Garreau, the following features are distinctive for 'edge cities'. The area must not have been anything like a city as recently as 10-30 years ago. Edge cities usually form at intersections of a radial highway and a spoke highway leading out of the central city and have a strongly specialized function focused on high-tech industry and service, responding to the new laws in economics and technology. In edge cities offices rather than factories are the principal working sites, which is further reflected in the minimum size of retail and office space. The density of built-up areas is low, the number of jobs exceeds that of bedrooms, and the population increases every morning and decreases every afternoon. In the spatial development developers play a more important role than designers and urban professionals. Edge cities are also known as 'single end destinations'. Finally, edge cities are very individualized socially. The evolution of spatial and functional form of suburbian areas is a key factor in the explanation of the development of edge cities. Therefore, the pathway from suburbia through penturbia and eventually to an edge city is outlined by the author. Changeability of suburbian forms is explained through the reference to centrifugal and centripetal force activity in the metropolitan region. Herein, the author investigates the concept of edge cities in the context of settlement network theory, theory of economic basis, and other geographical and economic concepts and models. As far as the relation to the economic basis theory is concerned, it is emphasized that an edge city settlement is an extremely specialized centre with widely developed endogenous sphere. In addition, two kinds of edge cities may be identified. These are a service-industrial type and an industrial type (technopolis), each having a little different economic basis. Garreau's concept is a model which can be compared with other urban models such as the central place theory, the gateway city model, the corridor city, the growth poles concept, and the centre-periphery concept. First, the author shows different options as to how the centrality of edge cities should be understood in the regional context. Second, differences and similarities between edge cities and gateway cities are emphasized. Certain cities can be classified as belonging to both categories. Third, the increasingly popular concept of an edge city is compared with the geographical model of corridor cities. It is shown that some belts of edge cities are actually arranged as corridors. The final issue raised in this analysis pertains to the development of edge cities. Both the growth pole theory and the centre-periphery concept are used to better explain some economic forces inside the metropolitan area. It is shown that specific mechanisms of socio-economic flows can split the CBD area into central and peripheral places. Sometimes, peripheral areas play a more significant role than a CBD area located in the central city. In conclusion, several suggestions concerning further research on edge cities, particularly in the Polish urban geography, are offered.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-35448957744,

title = {Development of urban network in Poland from the 13th to 20th century [Proces kształtowania sie sieci miejskiej w Polsce w okresie od XIII do XX wieku]},

author = { R. Krzysztofik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-35448957744&partnerID=40&md5=dcc5d5af3add8fdca8e547e747583431},

issn = {00459453},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

journal = {Czasopismo Geograficzne},

volume = {76},

number = {4},

pages = {383-398},

publisher = {University of Wroclaw},

abstract = {The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of urban network development in Poland and associated network pattern changes. It is well known that Poland as a country has gone through specific and complicated periods of change in its historical development. In this paper the author makes an attempt to offer a new explanation of the development of urban network. Recent findings of a number of hitherto unknown cities and towns prompted a new, critical look at the problem. On the other side, a critical review of Polish literature summarized in the introduction to the paper shows that the way of presenting the process of urbanization of Poland in the most recent papers and books (1970s-1990s) is difficult to accept. The reference historical periods in the present study are the following: medieval (13th-15th century), the early-modern (16th-18th century), industrial (1900-1945), post - war (1946-1989) and contemporary (after 1990). The development of urban network has been presented for nine historical-geographical units: Pomorze-Ziemia Lubuska Land region, Pomorze - Warmia region, Podlasie region, Wielkopolska, Łódź region, Mazowsze, Ślask, Małopolska and eastern Małopolska. It should be emphasized that the development of urban network (i.e. the number of towns) in the area of contemporary Poland was a cyclic process. While the maximum number was noted about 1800 and 2004, the minimum was in 1945. The most important reasons of changes in the number of towns were those related to political, economic and social circumstances. The other subject of the investigation was the comparison of urbanization processes between the nine historical-geographical regions named above. Large regional differences in the level of urbanization exist between western and eastern part of Poland.In the article it was mentioned that there are 885 towns in Poland at present (2004), while 1720 towns in total were established in the period covering the 13th to the 20th century. More than 100 other urban locations were never effected. It should be stressed that the difference between the total number of urban locations in the history and the current number of towns is the most significant effect of urban network development in Poland.},

note = {3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-35548956064,

title = {Gateway cities. An outline for theory and research review [Miasta-wrota. Zarys teorii i przeglad badań]},

author = { R. Krzysztofik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-35548956064&partnerID=40&md5=b279c09cf741efd84e430ed88ab9f1e1},

issn = {00459453},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-01-01},

journal = {Czasopismo Geograficzne},

volume = {75},

number = {3},

pages = {213-231},

publisher = {University of Wroclaw},

abstract = {The theory of gateway cities constitutes one of the most important tools to researches of the functional-genetic location patterns of cities changeability. In the typology of location patterns it should be arranged among models of both concentration and specialization as well. The conception of gateway centers after long time, when it was considered in descriptive categories, became in the 70's subject to attempts of methodological verification. The most important significance gained here works of A. F. Burghardt (1971) and J. Bird (1973; 1977). Works of both geographers concerned some crucial aspects: • attempts of arrangement of gateway cities type in general stratification of aggregated location patterns of cities (Bird; 1973; 1977); • the indication of dynamics of gateway type pattern in the context of progressive settlement, (Burghardt; 1971; Bird; 1973; 1977); • the indication of selective functions in a settlement type in subject (Burghardt; 1971). The theory met with some critical reviews, what doubtless influences the profitably also on further conceptualization of described type of gateway cities. This article draws up the basic foundations and evolution of methodological conceptions. It seems that last two decades did not bring significant progress of considerations over this problem. Still there is a need of wider glance at the role of gateway cities in classification of the aggregated location patterns. Author of this article postulates separation of gateway cities patterns from superior units (patterns with appearing specialization and patterns with appearing concentration). "Triangulisation" applied in typology of J. Bird (1977) is not completely right. Another important element, which demands still some numerous researches, is attempted to define of selective functional specification for cities of considered type. These typologies should take into account differences both of time and in analyzed space as well. The works of both theoreticians of considered gateways are in this regard really at initial stage. The last element of researches, which has been already mentioned, is extremely essential need to catch the spatial-functional and intra-urban structures in framework of separated out general classifications of gateway cities.},

note = {2},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-35448996996,

title = {A functional genotype in the research on locational patterns of towns. A review and model proposal [Pojecie genotypu funkcjonalnego w badaniach nad układami lokalizacyjnymi miast - Przeglad badań i próba modelu]},

author = { R. Krzysztofik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-35448996996&partnerID=40&md5=85b28e9dea378d2859852ebb5ff473e8},

issn = {00459453},

year  = {2003},

date = {2003-01-01},

journal = {Czasopismo Geograficzne},

volume = {74},

number = {4},

pages = {325-344},

publisher = {University of Wroclaw},

abstract = {A few key issues pertinent to the typology of urban locational patterns are discussed in the presented paper. Three principal research areas in the geography of settlements are: (1) urban networks and urban systems, (2) studies on functional structures of towns, (3) geographical-historical approach to urban settlement. In the introduction a crucial role of locational patterns in anthropogeography and economics is indicated. Among others, in the last decade the return to he methodology and conceptualisation of the issue has been noticed in foreign literature in economic geography [Hall, Krugman, Krugman et al., Sassen]. In addition, a relationship between locational patterns of towns and genotypes of town has been identified, whereas the genotype was associated with the initiation of locational patterns of towns. This is followed by critical review of some specific models and conceptions concerning the issue of functionalism in the analysis of urban locational patterns, with particular reference to Harris and Ullman [1945], Whebell [1969], Bird [1977] and Simmons [1978]. The last part includes an attempt of typology of investigated locational patterns, which takes into account the state-of-the-art in the geography of settlement, its critical verification in geographical literature, and the author's own empirical research on the functional genesis of urban locational patterns on the territory of Poland. A novelty is an introduction of a mixed type locational pattern, which includes superimposition of some elements of central and specialized patterns. The typology offered in the paper is presented in order to agree on terminology and to place it on proper analytical levels.},

note = {2},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}