@article{2-s2.0-85163726158,

title = {Public Administration and Landowners Facing Real Estate Cadastre Modernization: A Win-Lose or Win-Win Situation?},

author = { M. Buśko and M. Apollo},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85163726158&doi=10.3390%2fresources12060073&partnerID=40&md5=3dec4d65a6e4a73e534b3ce323e6a29a},

doi = {10.3390/resources12060073},

issn = {20799276},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Resources},

volume = {12},

number = {6},

publisher = {MDPI},

abstract = {Keeping the real estate cadastre’s database up to date is a very important process. The scope of the modernization works includes, among other things, fieldwork and office (chamber) work carried out by surveyors to update information about land and buildings. Therefore, modernization may result in changes to plot areas; changes to the marking of plots and land use (and; consequently; a change in the property tax); and the disclosure or deletion of buildings and premises, as well as changes to their technical data. The research, based on a case study (rural municipality Serniki; Poland), and supported by a literature review, remote sensing, and digital photogrammetry, clearly showed the importance of initiating the cadastre modernization procedure and obtaining funds for this purpose, which will be beneficial for both parties. Landowners will gain by bringing the current image of their real estate closer to the actual state (e.g.; by paying taxes for the real utility of the land), while administrative units will become the beneficiaries of higher tax revenues (up to over 500%). Thus, the analysis carried out on the case study shows positive effects for both parties, and justifies the financial outlay incurred by the administrative units for this process. Moreover, the analysis revealed that, due to the possibility of obtaining funding from other sources, the cost to the public administration may be marginal. Thus, the cadastre modernization procedure should be integrated into regional and national policies. © 2023 by the authors.},

note = {1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85147566440,

title = {Eudaimonic well-being development: Motives driving mountain-based adventure tourism},

author = { N. Ritpanitchajchaval and A.S. Ashton and M. Apollo},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85147566440&doi=10.1016%2fj.jort.2023.100607&partnerID=40&md5=b5143f0c2f9c72759f6861350b8e8fcd},

doi = {10.1016/j.jort.2023.100607},

issn = {22130780},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism},

volume = {42},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Wellness adventure tourism is one attractive activity for tourists to gain a sense of self-achievement, ultimately leading to health and well-being. In recent years, mountain adventure tourism has made greater demands for the experience and sensation of such activities. The main aim of this paper is to seek an answer to the question of to what extent mountain-based adventure is the realization of eudaimonic well-being development. Qualitative research methods were employed in this study and a content analysis technique adopted to analyze data. The data were collected through 40 face-to-face interviews conducted at a mountain national park in Thailand. The results revealed that the motives driving tourists to participate in mountain hiking through eudaimonic experience could more easily achieve sustainable development of mountain-based tourism. It also helps to provide a greater marketing competitiveness advantage for a destination, helps to maintain and/or improve the physical and mental well-being of tourists, increases tourist numbers, and generates income to the community. Management implications: It was found that the participants gave insight into the six components of the eudaimonic experience to generate well-being in life by participating in a wellness adventure tourism activity. The adventure activity helped the tourists to enhance their self-acceptance, purpose in life, autonomy, environmental mastery, positive relationship, and personal growth. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd},

note = {7},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85146130899,

title = {Gender differences in competitive adventure sports tourism},

author = { M. Apollo and J. Mostowska and A. Legut and K. Maciuk and D.J. Timothy},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85146130899&doi=10.1016%2fj.jort.2022.100604&partnerID=40&md5=91e4ed29be07e7e744747c5eced3d930},

doi = {10.1016/j.jort.2022.100604},

issn = {22130780},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism},

volume = {42},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Competitive adventure sports tourism, involving such activities as mountain climbing and ultramarathon running, has traditionally been dominated by men. Although women's participation has grown, the gender gap is still pronounced in terms of quantitative engagement in these forms of sport tourism. Yet, when the percentage of people who reach the finish line is taken into account, women tend to be higher achievers, slightly more often than men. Based on data from selected mountain climbs and ultra-trail runs (124;508 participants), we argue that there is a clear gender disparity in terms of male-to-female participation ratios, but with a higher number of women than men meeting their intended objectives. Arguably, to gain insight into potential gender inequities or differences within the competitive adventure sport tourism sector, the quantitative and qualitative engagement of male and female participants, should be explored. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd},

note = {4},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85163767664,

title = {GEODATA IN SCIENCE - A REVIEW OF SELECTED SCIENTIFIC FIELDS},

author = { M. Apollo and Ma. Jakubiak and S. Nistor and P. Lewińska and A. Krawczyk and Ł. Borowski and M. Specht and K. Krzykowska-Piotrowska and Ł. Marchel and A. Pęska-Siwik and M. Kardoš and K. Maciuk},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85163767664&doi=10.15576%2fASP.FC%2f2023.22.2.02&partnerID=40&md5=6957d4bf128f160e17e6cf432e86b946},

doi = {10.15576/ASP.FC/2023.22.2.02},

issn = {16440765},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Formatio Circumiectus},

volume = {22},

number = {2},

pages = {17-40},

publisher = {Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow},

abstract = {Aim of the study Today, completely new forms of geo-information systems are becoming increasingly popular. New technological possibilities allow these systems to be adapted to the requirements and needs of societies. This paper is an extensive literature review of the use of geodata in various scientific fields, in STEM (science; technology; engineering; and mathematics) disciplines. However, as there is no universal agreement as to which disciplines are included in the STEM, the authors also included related fields such as geography or transport. Materials and methods Already a preliminary analysis of the Web of Science Core Collection database has shown that geodata is used very widely, in every scientific discipline analysed (with varying degrees of sophistication). The main objective of the paper is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the usage of geodata in five areas: bathymetric measurements, satellite geodata, aerial retrieved geodata, levelling networks, and GIS data. Results and conclusions The results showed the increasing availability of data that can contribute to a better understanding and management of our planet. Geodata as a tool is overly broad and general, and it is used or might be used in every discipline of science. © 2023 The Author(s).},

note = {5},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85116802883,

title = {A call for reducing tourism risk to environmental hazards in the Himalaya},

author = { A.D. Ziegler and R.J. Wasson and Y. P. Sundriyal and P. Srivastava and G. Sasges and S.J. Ramchunder and C. Ong and S.K. Nepal and B.G. McAdoo and J. Gillen and D. Bishwokarma and A. Bhardwaj and M. Apollo},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85116802883&doi=10.1080%2f17477891.2021.1984196&partnerID=40&md5=f3594310286fbb284ea6e113e0a61df5},

doi = {10.1080/17477891.2021.1984196},

issn = {17477891},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Environmental Hazards},

volume = {22},

number = {1},

pages = {1-28},

publisher = {Taylor and Francis Ltd.},

abstract = {As mountain tourism rapidly expands in remote landscapes, there is a critical need for improved disaster risk management to ensure the safety of tourists and industry workers, safeguard infrastructure designed to support tourism and service industries (e.g.; transportation), as well as protect the local economies that have come to depend on tourism revenue. Drawing from recent disasters in the Himalaya, we present evidence that the promotion of safe and sustainable tourism is out of sync with the proliferation of inbound tourists who are prone to many types of environmental hazards. The key driver of this situation is commercialisation. Other factors include increased mobilities/access of tourists who are often unaware of or ill-prepared to cope with hazards; lack of regulations with respect to overcrowding, safety and building codes increased exposure to climate change phenomena; and limited disaster response capabilities, including responsibility at the local level. In this perspective we argue that this particularly complex situation is best addressed through the lens of a dynamic system, whereby strong leadership, increased regulation of access and participation, and enhanced professionalism via training are key leverage points in countering uncontrolled commercialisation that drives increased risk to known hazards. The inclusion of tourism into disaster risk management systems is also needed where hazard risks and tourist traffic are high, as tourists are part of the transient population who are often unfamiliar with local conditions and ill-prepared to cope with extreme adversity. © 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.},

note = {9},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85142671679,

title = {Active Collection of Data in the Real Estate Cadastre in Systems with a Different Pedigree and a Different Way of Building Development: Learning from Poland and Slovakia},

author = { M. Buśko and J. Zyga and Ľ. Hudecová and P. Kyseľ and M. Balawejder and M. Apollo},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85142671679&doi=10.3390%2fsu142215046&partnerID=40&md5=c0b897677247ffda74a023a69a6142e2},

doi = {10.3390/su142215046},

issn = {20711050},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Sustainability (Switzerland)},

volume = {14},

number = {22},

publisher = {MDPI},

abstract = {A cadastre is a system of major importance for the economy and for management strategies in support of sustainable development. Thus, its modernisation process (especially in the case of buildings) is extremely important. This study compared the results from the cadastre modernisation process of Poland and Slovakia, that is, countries with a different way of building development and different historical cadastral traditions. It was certain that in countries with dispersed development—such as Poland—the modernisation process could significantly change the cadastre’s picture. However, the analysis of the number of buildings in the cadastre after modernisation revealed a change of 3.048% for scattered development and only 6% for compact development. Thus, the urgent need to perform retrofits in countries with a scattered pattern of development was demonstrated. In addition, a comparative analysis proved that excessively frequent changes in the law cause the cadastre base to lose its validity. The Polish building cadastre has become a victim of such frequent changes in the law. It happened that just after the cadastre had been modernised at a high financial cost, the data on buildings collected in the cadastre became outdated as a result of a change in the law. Research highlighted that frequent changes and inconsistencies in the law result in a state of affairs in which activities that should be systemic and technical instead become activities that depend on political aspects. © 2022 by the authors.},

note = {2},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85132439479,

title = {Accuracy of Code GNSS Receivers under Various Conditions},

author = { W. Magiera and I. Vārna and I. Mitrofanovs and G. Silabrieds and A. Krawczyk and B. Skorupa and M. Apollo and K. Maciuk},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85132439479&doi=10.3390%2frs14112615&partnerID=40&md5=340d6c83ad4dc5917b4a67147cdb061f},

doi = {10.3390/rs14112615},

issn = {20724292},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Remote Sensing},

volume = {14},

number = {11},

publisher = {MDPI},

abstract = {The main objective of this research work was to study the accuracy of GNSS code receivers under poor sky visibility conditions based on measurements on three different objects (point; line; and surface) and additionally to test results on point positioning with good sky visibility conditions. The measurement was based on 3 smartphones (in the same mode to check repeatability) and 2 handheld receivers (working in GPS+GLONASS modes). The methodology was based on the RTK technique, whose coordinates were assumed as a reference. Based on the results, the significant influence of measuring in the vicinity of high trees on the obtained accuracy was observed for both the precise geodetic equipment and the tested code receivers. More favorable results of point positioning were observed when using mobile phones. On the other hand, in the case of measurement in motion, the handheld receivers guaranteed higher accuracy. Moreover, the study showed that handheld receivers might achieve a better accuracy than smartphones, and that position might be determined with a greater accuracy and reliability. Furthermore, handheld receivers were characterized by a smaller number of outliers. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.},

note = {8},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85121211997,

title = {The TikTok effect on destination development: Famous overnight, now what?},

author = { Y. Wengel and L. Ma and Yi. Ma and M. Apollo and K. Maciuk and A.S. Ashton},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85121211997&doi=10.1016%2fj.jort.2021.100458&partnerID=40&md5=2fbec84bb0568a9785a6fe1d2d303a4a},

doi = {10.1016/j.jort.2021.100458},

issn = {22130780},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism},

volume = {37},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Contemporary tourists increasingly rely on social media platforms to inform their consumption choices. Increasingly more travellers rely on social media to make their travel choices; however, scant research explored the impacts of sudden destination popularity through social media. The current study reveals how TikTok made two off-the-beaten-track destinations in Hainan (China) famous overnight. Using participant observation and interviews, this paper explores how a destination suddenly had to cope not only with overtourism but also with all the issues it generates. The findings revealed that the local community struggles to seize the opportunities offered by tourism while forced to manage the tourist's flow. We propose a management framework for destinations in protected areas that suddenly became ‘hot’ on social media and Web 2.0. Finally, we discuss the implications for tourism policies and management and highlight the importance of links between user-generated content and the promotion as crucial for future tourism planning in protected areas. Management implications: The study results highlight how (off-the-beaten track) destination was impacted by unintentional promotion through TikTok. The findings revealed management gaps related to accessibility and amenities that resulted in negative environmental impacts when suddenly tourism numbers increased in a short time. These findings provide important implications for tourism policies, management, and marketing of destinations when their popularity depends on being ‘hot’ on social media and Web 2.0. The authors propose a Rapid Response Plan framework for handling future cases of sudden destination popularity. © 2021 The Author(s)},

note = {28},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85128589286,

title = {CHALLENGES RELATED TO THE DETERMINATION OF ALTITUDES OF MOUNTAIN PEAKS PRESENTED ON CARTOGRAPHIC SOURCES [IZZIVI PRI DOLOČANJU VIŠIN GORSKIH VRHOV, KOT SO NAVEDENE V KARTOGRAFSKIH VIRIH]},

author = { K. Chwedczuk and D. Cienkosz and M. Apollo and Ł. Borowski and P. Lewińska and Celso A.G. Santos and K. Eborka and S. Kulshreshtha and R. Romero-Andrade and A.A. Sedeek and A. Liibusk and K. Maciuk},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85128589286&doi=10.15292%2fgeodetski-vestnik.2022.01.49-59&partnerID=40&md5=1ad6762d88c132cf46f50c0ed94f9431},

doi = {10.15292/geodetski-vestnik.2022.01.49-59},

issn = {03510271},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Geodetski Vestnik},

volume = {66},

number = {1},

pages = {49-59},

publisher = {Zveza Geodetov Slovenije},

abstract = {This study aimed to measure and validate altitudes from existing sources with direct GNSS measurements and airborne lidar data. For this purpose, 12 mountain peaks located in the south part of Polish territory were selected. Measurements were performed using a GNSS receiver using the Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) or static techniques enabling altitude measurements with accuracy of 10 cm. GNSS was treated as the primary data source, as the direct field measurements can determine the highest point on each peak. The obtained results were confronted with historical, internet sources, and official altitude data. Moreover, each altitude was determined using lidar data from an airborne lidar dataset of Poland from the ISOK program and provided by the national agency. Significant discrepancies in data were already detected during the analysis of internet materials and traditional maps, up to a few meters. The differences between measured and internet sources in altitude of mountain peak range from 27 cm to 504 cm. This study has shown the need to re-measure the altitudes of the mountain peaks and determine the highest point correctly. © 2022, Zveza Geodetov Slovenije. All rights reserved.},

note = {11},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85126993773,

title = {Himalayan Nature-Based Tourism. Challenges for Tourism And Protected Areas},

author = { M. Apollo and V. Andreychouk and K. Rawat and J. Mostowska and T.E. Jones and R. Rettinger and K. Maciuk},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85126993773&partnerID=40&md5=4bc8601fb152795fd0999a4f6aeafd6c},

issn = {2067533X},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Conservation Science},

volume = {13},

number = {1},

pages = {249-266},

publisher = {Romanian Inventors Forum},

abstract = {Each year, millions of tourists visit Himalayas. Sensitive to outside influences, the Himalayan environment of mountain areas has been abruptly exposed to it. The authorities of the Himalayan countries try to conserve them and currently, there are 126 areas under protection. However, due to economic and social reasons in the Himalayan countries, there is currently no possibility of realizing a comprehensive, rational and balanced approach to nature protection and tourism in the region. The reconciliation of two functions, namely nature protection and tourism, is the main challenge for all levels of management of protected areas – from the administration of specific parks or reserves to government administration. Results showed that regional and political diversity of the entire area, limited logistic, economic and technical possibilities, and often the lack of a uniform concept and strategy of actions, result in numerous and diverse problems. These include the state of the natural environment within protected areas and the trends in the changes (degradation; pollution; natural hazards), the impact of tourism on local communities (transformation of economic activities; mentality; ‘tourist-local resident’ relations), management (no long-term development plans; tensions on the ‘government- local communities’ line; poorly and unevenly developed tourist infrastructure; inefficient control system), etc. At the end of the paper, directions for action are indicated that could contribute to increasing the effectiveness of nature protection in the Himalayan Mountain areas in the face of growing tourist pressure. Note: This is the second part of the two-set paper about the tourism in the Himalayan PAs. The first one can be found under the title: Himalayan nature-based tourism. Potential, regional diversity, nature conservation and touristic load. © 2022, International Journal of Conservation Science. All rights reserved.},

note = {1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85120609899,

title = {What is the impact of tectonic plate movement on country size? A long-term forecast},

author = { K. Maciuk and M. Apollo and A. Kukulska-Kozieł and P. Lewińska},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85120609899&doi=10.3390%2frs13234872&partnerID=40&md5=1a51632edc01c01eed5391475a70a133},

doi = {10.3390/rs13234872},

issn = {20724292},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Remote Sensing},

volume = {13},

number = {23},

publisher = {MDPI},

abstract = {The Earth’s surface is under permanent alteration with the area of some nations growing or shrinking due to natural or man-made processes, for example sea level change. Here, based on the NUVEL 1A model, we forecast (in 10; 25; and 50 years) the changes in area for countries that are located on the border of the major tectonic plates. In the analysis we identify countries that are projected to gain or lose land due to the tectonic plate movement only. Over the next 50 years, the global balance of area gains (0.4 km2) and losses (12.7 km2) is negative. Thus, due to the movements of lithospheric plates, the land surface of the Earth will decrease by 12 km2 in 50 years. Overall, the changes are not that spectacular, as in the case of changes in sea/water levels, but in some smaller countries, projected losses exceed a few thousand square metres a year, e.g., in Nepal the losses exceed 10,000 m2 year−1. Methodologically, this paper finds itself between metric analysis and essay, trying to provoke useful academic discussion and incite educators’ interests to illustrate to students the tectonic movement and its force. Limitations of the used model have been discussed in the methodology section. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85123893562,

title = {HIMALAYAN NATURE-BASED TOURISM. POTENTIAL, REGIONAL DIVERSITY, NATURE CONSERVATION AND TOURISTIC LOAD},

author = { M. Apollo and V. Andreychouk and J. Mostowska and Z. Jin and K. Maciuk and R. Rettinger and T.E. Jones},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85123893562&partnerID=40&md5=4c6d5cba47e7302758c820840800aa20},

issn = {2067533X},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Conservation Science},

volume = {12},

number = {4},

pages = {1527-1546},

publisher = {Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi},

abstract = {Mountains are popular sites for tourism and annually, multitudes of hikers, trekkers, and climbers converge on these areas. The Himalayas, a delicate ecosystem is being invaded by increasing levels of tourism activity. As a consequence of the increase in tourism, the pressure on naturally fragile ecosystems is growing and can lead to a serious conflict between the vulnerable environment and bringing changes to the tourism industry. That is why more and more Protected Areas (PAs) within the Himalayas have been designated. Currently, in the Himalayas there are 34 national parks and 92 areas under other protection. Overall, the entire range (547;960km2) contains over 79,008km2 of PAs that account for almost 14.5% of the landmass, and almost reach the Aichi Target 11 benchmark of 17%. The Bhutanese Himalayas are unrivalled and almost 43% of the country is protected. Arunachal Himalayas have the smallest PA — just almost 5%. Overall, due to the low level of economic development in the Himalayan countries, there is currently no possibility of realizing a comprehensive, rational and balanced approach to nature protection and tourism in the region. There are ongoing attempts to selectively preserve areas characterised by primary nature and rare flora and fauna, and balance pro-poor development objectives with conservation goals. Through, mapping and calculating the areas under conservation this paper flags improvements necessary to reach Aichi Targets. Thus, this paper also describes the spatial and temporal development ofprotected areas in the whole Himalayan range. This research showed that 79% of all PAs, that is 78 PAs, was established in the years 1970-1999. The listing process peaked in the years 1985-1994, a decade in which 30.879km2 were designated, accounting for almost 39% of the total PAs in the Himalayas. However, the trend has slowed in recent years. Sensing an increasingly vulnerable resource-base, more protected areas should be designated in the near future in line with the Convention of Biodiversity’s Aichi Targets. This paper is the first part of a comprehensive study about Himalayan PAs. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.},

note = {1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85114946119,

title = {The highest peaks of the mountains: Comparing the use of GNSS, LiDAR point clouds, DTMs, databases, maps, and historical sources},

author = { S. Szombara and M. Róg and K.K. Kozioł and K. Maciuk and B. Skorupa and J. Kudrys and T. Lepeška and M. Apollo},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85114946119&doi=10.3390%2fen14185731&partnerID=40&md5=3380e95a55f88b68f3374b344b585290},

doi = {10.3390/en14185731},

issn = {19961073},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Energies},

volume = {14},

number = {18},

publisher = {MDPI},

abstract = {Advances in remote data acquisition techniques have contributed to the flooding of society with spatial data sets and information. Widely available spatial data sets, including digital terrain models (DTMs) from aerial laser scanning (ALS) data, are finding more and more new appli-cations. The article analyses and compares the heights of the 14 highest peaks of the Polish Carpathians derived from different data sources. Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) geodetic measurements were used as reference. The comparison primarily involves ALS data, and selected peaks’ GNSS measurements carried out with Xiaomi Mi 8 smartphones were also compared. Rec-orded raw smartphone GNSS measurements were used for calculations in post-processing mode. Other data sources were, among others, global and local databases and models and topographic maps (modern and old). The article presents an in-depth comparison of Polish and Slovak point clouds for two peaks. The results indicate the possible use of large-area laser scanning in determining the maximum heights of mountain peaks and the need to use geodetic GNSS measurements for selected peaks. For the Polish peak of Rysy, the incorrect classification of point clouds causes its height to be overestimated. The conclusions presented in the article can be used in the dissemination of knowledge and to improve positioning methods. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.},

note = {1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85114558792,

title = {Implication between geophysical events and the variation of seasonal signal determined in gnss position time series},

author = { S. Nistor and Norbert Szabolcs Suba and A. El-Mowafy and M. Apollo and Z.M. Malkin and E.I. Năstase and J. Kudrys and K. Maciuk},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85114558792&doi=10.3390%2frs13173478&partnerID=40&md5=2172574883b92401ded1cf774ed67d7c},

doi = {10.3390/rs13173478},

issn = {20724292},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Remote Sensing},

volume = {13},

number = {17},

publisher = {MDPI},

abstract = {The seasonal signal determined by the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), which is captured in the coordinate time series, exhibits annual and semi-annual periods. This signal is frequently modelled by two periodic signals with constant amplitude and phase-lag. The purpose of this study is to explore the implication of different types of geophysical events on the seasonal signal in three stages—in the time span that contains the geophysical events, before and after the geophysical event, but also the stationarity phenomena, which is analysed on approximately 200 reference stations from the EPN network since 1995. The novelty of the article is demonstrated by correlating three different types of geophysical events, such as earthquakes with a magnitude greater than 6◦ on the Richter scale, landslides, and volcanic activity, and analysing the variation in amplitude of the seasonal signal. The geophysical events situated within a radius of 30 km from the epicentre showed a higher seasonal value than when the timespan did not contain a geophysical event. The presence of flicker and random walk noise was computed using overlapping Hadamard variance (OHVAR) and the non-stationary behaviour of the time series of the CORS coordinates in the time frequency analysis was done using continuous wavelet transform (CWT). © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85103094853,

title = {Determining peak altitude on maps, books and cartographic materials: Multidisciplinary implications},

author = { K. Maciuk and M. Apollo and J.M. Cheer and O. Konečný and K.K. Kozioł and J. Kudrys and J. Mostowska and M. Róg and B. Skorupa and S. Szombara},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85103094853&doi=10.3390%2frs13061111&partnerID=40&md5=03064841e2f3e032dc3f06e0ef168c6f},

doi = {10.3390/rs13061111},

issn = {20724292},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Remote Sensing},

volume = {13},

number = {6},

publisher = {MDPI AG},

abstract = {Mountain peaks and their altitude have been of interest to researchers across disciplines. Measurement methods and techniques have changed and developed over the years, leading to more accurate measurements and, consequently, more accurate determination of peak altitudes. This research transpired due to the frequency of misstatements found in existing sources including books, maps, guidebooks and the Internet. Such inaccuracies have the potential to create controversy, especially among peak‐baggers in pursuit of climbing the highest summits. The Polish Sudetes Mountains were selected for this study; 24 summits in the 14 mesoregions were measured. Measurements were obtained employing the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and light detection and ranging (LiDAR), both modern and highly precise techniques. Moreover, to determine the accuracy of measurements, several of the summits were measured using a mobile phone as an additional method. We compare GNSS vs. LiDAR and verify the level of confidence of peak heights obtained by automatic methods from LiDAR data alone. The GNSS receiver results showed a discrepancy of approximately 10 m compared with other information sources examined. Findings indicate that the heights of peaks presented in cartographic materials are inaccurate, especially in lesser‐known mountain ranges. Furthermore, among all the mountain ranges examined, the results demonstrated that five of the summits were no longer classed as the highest, potentially impacting tourist percep-tions and subsequent visitation. Overall, due to the topographical relief characteristics and varying vegetation cover of mountains, we argue that the re‐measuring procedure should comprise two steps: (1) develop high‐resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) based on LiDAR; (2) assumed heights should be measured using precise GNSS receivers. Unfortunately, due to the time constraints and the prohibitive costs of GNSS, LiDAR continues to be the most common source of new altitude data. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.},

note = {2},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85101522576,

title = {Crustal deformation across and beyond central europe and its impact on land boundaries},

author = { K. Maciuk and A. Pęska-Siwik and A. El-Mowafy and Ł. Borowski and M. Apollo},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85101522576&doi=10.3390%2fresources10020015&partnerID=40&md5=2f62334f03ecafe12f265706ad9e9147},

doi = {10.3390/resources10020015},

issn = {20799276},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Resources},

volume = {10},

number = {2},

pages = {1-13},

publisher = {MDPI AG},

abstract = {Land is a critical and limited natural resource. The Land Administration System (LAS) has been developed to resolve and adjudicate over any disputes that might arise concerning the rights and boundaries of land. Land registration and cadastre are types of land recording that need to be established. To secure the property rights, we must be sure of accuracy of the boundary points determining the size of the property. However, in addition to typical factors considered when determining the boundary point positions, such as accuracy of geodetic networks and measurement errors, the global and local crustal deformation, resulting, e.g., from the movement of tectonic plates, should be considered. In this work, the focus is on the movement of points inside the European plate due to tectonic movement, without taking into account local events caused by erosion, landslides, etc. The study area is Europe, and particular attention was paid to Poland, which is located in the centre of the European continent and does not have significant anomalous sub-areas, making it an authoritative research object. In this study, we analysed the velocity of point displacements and the boundary deformation, using GPS observations. For this reason, we used both global (IGS) and regional (ETRF) reference frames, to show differences in point velocities for the studied areas. Overall, for the needs of the real estate cadastre in Poland, information about parcel boundary points must be obtained with an accuracy better than 0.30 m. Within 25 years, the border mark may be shifted by 0.13 m due to tectonic plate movement, which is within the required accuracy. Pursuant to the current legal regulations, the measurements of the boundary points can be performed with any method, ensuring the required accuracy (0.30 m). The most commonly used are direct measurements (GNSS and tacheometry) and photogrammetric measurements. It is recommended that periodic verifications and update of the cadastre data in Poland be carried out at least once every 15 years. In the case of such relatively frequent verification and possible modernisation of data, the potential impact of tectonic plate movement on the relative boundary point displacement can be ignored, particularly in the short term. However, for a long time period it has an influence. We suggest “relatively frequent” cadastral boundary verification to be able to ignore such influence. © 2021 by the authors.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85100780491,

title = {There is greater gender equality in mountaineering research},

author = { M. Apollo},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85100780491&doi=10.1080%2f13683500.2021.1880376&partnerID=40&md5=f7afbb7482f54ecb980bad304237387e},

doi = {10.1080/13683500.2021.1880376},

issn = {13683500},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Current Issues in Tourism},

volume = {24},

number = {22},

pages = {3121-3126},

publisher = {Routledge},

abstract = {It is well known that reflections on gender identity in tourism studies are important and that gender influences research. However, the situation is unclear in a male-dominated activity such as mountaineering. By using a systematic review, this research note aims to identify and analyse the gender of authors who are working on mountaineering tourism issues. A literature review was conducted using the Web of Science search engine. Of 866 papers identified, 42 met the inclusion criteria and belonged to the category of ‘Hospitality Leisure Sport Tourism’. Overall, although femininity is limited in mountaineering and the number of women who participate in this kind of tourism is small, in the world of mountaineering science, women occupy a similar position as men do. In doing so, they challenge the traditional gender discourse in mountaineering activities and, thus, hegemonic ideas about gender and equality. © 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85100167136,

title = {Altitude on cartographic materials and its correction according to new measurement techniques},

author = { K. Maciuk and M. Apollo and J. Mostowska and T. Lepeška and M. Poklar and T. Noszczyk and P. Kroh and A. Krawczyk and Ł. Borowski and P. Pavlovčič-Prešeren},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85100167136&doi=10.3390%2frs13030444&partnerID=40&md5=e6d885f6f84f73ba96df4e7e3c224a75},

doi = {10.3390/rs13030444},

issn = {20724292},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Remote Sensing},

volume = {13},

number = {3},

pages = {1-18},

publisher = {MDPI AG},

abstract = {Determining the correct height of mountain peaks is vital for tourism, but it is also important as a reference point for devices equipped with GPS (Global Positioning System), e.g., watches or car navigation systems. The peak altitude data are part of geographic and geodetic information. As more modern technologies and equipment become available, their precisions should increase. However, verification of peak heights is usually only conducted for the highest, well-known mountains—lower peaks or mountain passes are rarely verified. Therefore, this study focuses on an investigation of 12 altitude points on a section of the longest and most famous touristic trail in Poland (the Main Beskid Trail), located in the Orava–Żywiec Beskids Mts (Mountains). The aim of this research is to measure and verify the heights of the 12 selected mountain peaks, in addition to evaluating the chosen methods based on the quality of the obtained data and determining their suitability and opportunities for use in further research. Measurements were obtained at the most specific height points—on the 12 highest points of the summits. This study compares two modern measurement techniques: the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and light detection and ranging (LiDAR). The obtained results were later compared with those widely used on the internet and in printed materials (period covered: 1884–2015). This analysis demonstrates that lesser-known objects are rarely the subject of remeasurement and significant altitude errors may occur, primarily because the heights originated from a source in the past when modern methods were not available. Our findings indicate that the heights of the peaks presented in cartographic materials are inaccurate. The assumed heights should be corrected by direct measurements using modern techniques. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.},

note = {4},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85090135194,

title = {Peak-bagging and cartographic misrepresentations: a call to correction},

author = { M. Apollo and J. Mostowska and K. Maciuk and Y. Wengel and T.E. Jones and J.M. Cheer},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090135194&doi=10.1080%2f13683500.2020.1812541&partnerID=40&md5=1656ff8e7c1e9feede9df960ff0c421d},

doi = {10.1080/13683500.2020.1812541},

issn = {13683500},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Current Issues in Tourism},

volume = {24},

number = {14},

pages = {1970-1975},

publisher = {Routledge},

abstract = {Tourists put their trust in maps and guidebooks and they expect information within to be accurate. Unfortunately, vital information can often be incorrect such as the accuracy of altitude above sea level. Cartographic misrepresentations and the impact on tourism is the focus of this study. Altitude data from maps, guidebooks and summit signs were compared with professional measurements made by precise Global Navigation Satellite Systems receivers. Findings revealed significant discrepancies in reported peak altitudes ranging from a few and up to several hundred metres. Evidently, some of the highest summits of the mountain ranges are subject to degradation and/or change over time and this underlines cartographic misrepresentations. There are possibly other inaccuracies in scores of popular peaks around the globe and rectifying erroneous information is vital for peak-bagging visitors. The results of this exploratory stud have significant implications for the management and marketing of destinations when a mountain's popularity is based around being the highest. © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.},

note = {9},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85078613887,

title = {Mountaineering and the natural environment in developing countries: an insight to a comprehensive approach},

author = { M. Apollo and V. Andreychouk},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85078613887&doi=10.1080%2f00207233.2019.1704047&partnerID=40&md5=da186afa2c7762df780fda6283415d50},

doi = {10.1080/00207233.2019.1704047},

issn = {00207233},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Environmental Studies},

volume = {77},

number = {6},

pages = {942-953},

publisher = {Routledge},

abstract = {Mountaineering, broadly defined as hiking, trekking and climbing, is nowadays a mass phenomenon. Sensitive to outside influences, the environment of high mountain areas, until recently cut off from civilisation, has been abruptly exposed to it. The environment of high mountain areas has clearly been affected. The balance of environmental profit and loss depends on a number of factors and circumstances. The paper argues that within populated areas (inhabited and agricultural exploited), mountaineering–contrary to widespread opinion–has an impact on the natural environment that is almost always positive, but above populated areas it is almost always negative. The authors propose a qualitative model for this thesis. © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.},

note = {7},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85090216398,

title = {Does the altitude of habitat influence residents' attitudes to guests? A new dimension in the residents’ attitudes to tourism},

author = { M. Apollo and V. Andreychouk and P. Moolio and Y. Wengel and U. Myga-Piątek},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090216398&doi=10.1016%2fj.jort.2020.100312&partnerID=40&md5=042c7c4b23817f59021b4e1254a53e08},

doi = {10.1016/j.jort.2020.100312},

issn = {22130780},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism},

volume = {31},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Host-guest interactions have been widely examined in the literature, and the residents' attitudes have been the object of many studies that focus on identifying factors influencing such behaviour. However, no previous research has examined if the attitudes of residents change with increasing altitude of habitation. The present study examined the residents' attitudes to tourism in relation to the altitude of their habitat in the Bhurungdi Valley, Nepal. Being a part of the Annapurna Conservation Area, this Valley is a popular destination among tourists engaging in high-altitude hiking, trekking, and mountain climbing. In total, 83% of households (N = 101) residing in Ulleri (2;080 m), Nangethanti (2;450 m), and Ghorapani (2;870 m) participated in this research. Based on linear regression analysis, the findings suggest that residents have a greater appreciation of tourism activity and are more reciprocal as the altitude of their habitat increases. The study argues that the previously neglected aspect/variable ‘altitude’ can bring new insights and help to better manage vulnerable destinations in a sustainable manner. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd},

note = {9},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85090390167,

title = {Trampling intensity and vegetation response and recovery according to altitude: An experimental study from the Himalayan Miyar Valley},

author = { M. Apollo and V. Andreychouk},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090390167&doi=10.3390%2fRESOURCES9080098&partnerID=40&md5=d089498ffc44f496c0fed3b06e8a0df3},

doi = {10.3390/RESOURCES9080098},

issn = {20799276},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Resources},

volume = {9},

number = {8},

publisher = {MDPI AG},

abstract = {The trampling of vegetation caused by recreation and tourism can lead to the loss of vegetation and the degradation of plant communities, which adversely affects natural habitats. This paper investigates the impact of trampling on plant species in the high-mountain environment, where plant resources are limited and any recovery is slow. It is commonly accepted that the sensitivity of the vegetation in mountains increases as altitude increases. Therefore, this study supposed that the same plant species would have different responses to trampling at different altitudes. By using a standardized method of experimental trampling, an empirical study was conducted on eight plant species at two altitudes: 4072 m and 4480 m. Each species was trampled 0-500 times. Response to trampling was assessed by determining plant cover two weeks after trampling and one year after trampling. For most species, the relationship between plant cover after trampling and trampling intensity was very clear (linear). This research found the following: (1) vegetation has extremely high ecological sensitivity to trampling in the examined environment; (2) above 4000 m, an increase in altitude does not increase the sensitivity of vegetation. Vegetation above a certain altitude exhibits similar, very high sensitivity to trampling. © 2020 by the authors.},

note = {6},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85089595054,

title = {Hinduism, ecological conservation, and public health: What are the health hazards for religious tourists at hindu temples?},

author = { M. Apollo and Y. Wengel and H.A. Schänzel and G. Musa},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089595054&doi=10.3390%2frel11080416&partnerID=40&md5=50887ebb684e1ac182451e615d3eaa4e},

doi = {10.3390/rel11080416},

issn = {20771444},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Religions},

volume = {11},

number = {8},

pages = {1-14},

publisher = {MDPI AG},

abstract = {This exploratory ethnographic study aims to understand the visitation experience and to identify health hazards at pilgrimage sites in India. Specifically, this research aims to assess the tourism potential of holy Hindu temple sites located along well-known pilgrimage routes. During our fieldwork, we visited several of the most significant Hindu temples in India. Framed by a critical ethnography lens, our study used unstructured interviews with local stakeholders, as well as observations and reflexive notes. The findings revealed that most of the temples have serious safety, hygiene, accessibility, and environmental issues. A lack of action could lead to serious consequences for locals and tourists. For example, important for tourism, warnings of pandemics have been sounded over the years, and disease pandemics originating in India may only be a matter of time. We propose some immediate solutions and areas for future research. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.},

note = {2},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85070338370,

title = {Human-free earth: the nearest future, or a fantasy? A lesson from artists},

author = { M. Apollo},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85070338370&doi=10.1080%2f00207233.2019.1644024&partnerID=40&md5=9d743a7aea03447a115fcbc48d358464},

doi = {10.1080/00207233.2019.1644024},

issn = {00207233},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Environmental Studies},

volume = {77},

number = {2},

pages = {360-366},

publisher = {Routledge},

abstract = {We, the people of planet Earth are heading for extinction. What is more, we deny reality by denying facts. First, we just need to see them and admit their existence. Without doing that, our species cannot survive. This paper presents an artistic vision of Human-Free Earth presented at the exhibition on Ujazdowski Castle, Warsaw, Poland. The artists, all of them without exception, are showing us how our home will look like very soon. In isolation from the scientific studies presented also at this paper, the works of the artists will seem to be abstract and detached visions of a few people. Yet those visions overlap with current knowledge and so are even more terrifying. Furthermore, a simple analysis was done to prove why people ignore clear signs of environmental changes. Overall, existing papers and reports indicate that restoring nature to the state it was before the industrial revolution is impossible, and without the planetary political will, humankind will share the fate of the species it has already destroyed. © 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.},

note = {3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85043351191,

title = {Mountaineering in Cuba: improvement of true accessibility as an opportunity for regional development of communities outside the tourism enclaves},

author = { M. Apollo and R. Rettinger},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85043351191&doi=10.1080%2f13683500.2018.1446920&partnerID=40&md5=433faa23b84480bb91a299c72653b9e4},

doi = {10.1080/13683500.2018.1446920},

issn = {13683500},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Current Issues in Tourism},

volume = {22},

number = {15},

pages = {1797-1804},

publisher = {Routledge},

abstract = {Mass tourism began in the Caribbean during the middle of the twentieth century. Unfortunately, increasing competition and a change in the motivation of tourists now force the authorities who manage these regions to introduce a new tourism offer that is not based directly on either the 3S (Sun; Sand; and Sea) or 3E (Entertainment; Excitement; Education) model. Hiking, trekking, and climbing, defined as mountaineering, might be one of these. This paper examines the potential for mountaineering in Cuba by verifying its accessibility for tourists. The assessment is based on a framework of true accessibility, which consists of two factors: (1) destination accessibility and (2) real access. Our results show that mountaineering in Cuba should be considered to be one of the key contributors to the development, prosperity, and well-being of all stakeholders, and especially for the communities outside the tourism enclaves. © 2018, © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.},

note = {16},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85044394433,

title = {Short-term impacts of livestock grazing on vegetation and track formation in a high mountain environment: A case study from the Himalayan Miyar Valley (India)},

author = { M. Apollo and V. Andreychouk and S.S. Bhattarai},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85044394433&doi=10.3390%2fsu10040951&partnerID=40&md5=4026b24dc3fc62e0d7186a1ea2165640},

doi = {10.3390/su10040951},

issn = {20711050},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Sustainability (Switzerland)},

volume = {10},

number = {4},

publisher = {MDPI},

abstract = {Animals' activities are a significant geomorphologic factor. An important reliefogenic role is played by animals introduced by man; that is, livestock. The activity of livestock on the earth's surface can be direct (horizontal displacement of the soil), or indirect (preparation of ground for degradation). In this research the areas that livestock tread most often were put under examination, that is, places used for resting (e.g.; during the night) and paths used for moving (e.g.; while passing to and from grazing spots). The experimental research areas were divided into two groups. During the two-week study period it was noted that (1) the number of plants and their stems had declined by 9.5% and 19% respectively, and the paths had widened by 6%; (2) the soil level had decreased, uncovering the measurement pins by 3.5 mm up to 24 mm, depending on the slope of the ground, while in the comparison (control) areas the pins were uncovered only up to an average 1.8 mm. The results of the research show the scale of the phenomenon of zoogenic erosion caused by livestock. Based on the research the following formula has been elaborated y = (-0.005x + 0.0526) T×N×SP/100×0.86. This provided the opportunity to calculate the average (hypothetical) data for soil loss (y), according to the slope degree (x), the number of animals (N), the time that those animals spend in the area (T), and the static pressure they caused on the ground (SP). The paper makes recommendations that could lead to a reduction in soil erosion caused by livestock. © 2018 by the authors.},

note = {18},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85007107141,

title = {The true accessibility of mountaineering: The case of the High Himalaya},

author = { M. Apollo},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85007107141&doi=10.1016%2fj.jort.2016.12.001&partnerID=40&md5=eede5ab29bcedd5b793284170a4803f3},

doi = {10.1016/j.jort.2016.12.001},

issn = {22130780},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism},

volume = {17},

pages = {29-43},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Each year, hiking, trekking and mountain climbing, broadly defined as mountaineering, are becoming more popular. Among the key factors determining a travel destination in recent years is the level of tourist accessibility. To improve the current level of tourist accessibility, it is necessary to know all the factors that may affect it. This paper focuses on the true accessibility of mountaineering and presents a conceptual framework for assessing it. Access to places for mountaineering is more complicated than for simple tourist destinations that only require the availability of transport and in situ services. For mountaineering, true accessibility consists two factors: (1) destination accessibility (the transport system and in situ services) and (2) real access, which includes such factors as social, economic, weather and psychophysical environments, as well as the presence of mountaineering activities, all of which can have a positive or negative influence on the opportunity to engage in a given pursuit. This means the conditions must be such that real contact with the tourist attraction can take place. Examples of current accessibility conditions in the Himalaya are used to illustrate all part of the conceptual framework. A more comprehensive understanding of the different aspects of mountaineering accessibility offers important insight for tourists planning mountaineering activities and local mountain communities developing supporting infrastructure and services. Management implications The comprehensive conceptual framework of mountaineering accessibility presented in this article offers an important tool for: 1. authorities and/or residents of mountain communities to assess their local conditions and make informed choices about their own future: they may facilitate accessibility for mountaineering (e.g.; Annapurna Conservation Area Project) or remain in isolation from this kind of activity (e.g.; Bhutan);2. mountaineers, whose improved understanding of accessibility will increase their chances of a successful summit bids and help improve the safety of their trips. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd},

note = {21},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84988710026,

title = {The good, the bad and the ugly–three approaches to management of human waste in a high-mountain environment},

author = { M. Apollo},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84988710026&doi=10.1080%2f00207233.2016.1227225&partnerID=40&md5=cf2b0672e2dc520a86d9eb1a8183907d},

doi = {10.1080/00207233.2016.1227225},

issn = {00207233},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Environmental Studies},

volume = {74},

number = {1},

pages = {129-158},

publisher = {Routledge},

abstract = {Each year, millions of mountaineers visit high-mountain areas. They generate tonnes of faeces and cubic hectometres of urine annually. Thus, proper disposal of human waste is important for the conservation and appropriate management of high-mountain areas. The management can address the issue in three ways: the good (complete/non-invasive); the bad (partial/superficial); and the ugly (invasive). With use of those categories, 20 selected summits from different parts of the world have been evaluated, separately in respect to faeces and urine. It was expected that correct or incorrect disposal of human waste would depend on the changing altitude and/or development level. Disappointingly, the correlation between selection criteria (better or worse solution) and the increase of altitude does not exist. Similarly, the increase of the development level does not play a significant role, especially when urine is taken under consideration. The problem is more global than was thought. The paper makes recommendations which could lead to reduction of this problem. © 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.},

note = {8},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}